Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1968)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Ulp.Sab. XXXVI
Ulp. Ad Massurium Sabinum lib.Ulpiani Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ex libro XXXVI

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Dig. 1,1De iustitia et iure (Concerning Justice and Law.)Dig. 1,2De origine iuris et omnium magistratuum et successione prudentium (Concerning the Origin of Law and of All Magistrates, Together With a Succession of Jurists.)Dig. 1,3De legibus senatusque consultis et longa consuetudine (Concerning Statutes, Decrees of the Senate, and Long Established Customs.)Dig. 1,4De constitutionibus principum (Concerning the Constitutions of the Emperors.)Dig. 1,5De statu hominum (Concerning the Condition of Men.)Dig. 1,6 (5,8 %)De his qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt (Concerning Those Who Are Their Own Masters, and Those That Are Under the Control of Others.)Dig. 1,7De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur (Concerning Adoptions and Emancipations, and Other Methods by Which Paternal Authority is Dissolved.)Dig. 1,8De divisione rerum et qualitate (Concerning the Division and Nature of Things.)Dig. 1,9De senatoribus (Concerning Senators.)Dig. 1,10De officio consulis (Concerning the Office of Consul.)Dig. 1,11De officio praefecti praetorio (Concerning the Office of Prætorian Prefect.)Dig. 1,12De officio praefecti urbi (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the City.)Dig. 1,13De officio quaestoris (Concerning the Office of Quæstor.)Dig. 1,14De officio praetorum (Concerning the Office of the Prætors.)Dig. 1,15De officio praefecti vigilum (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the Night Watch.)Dig. 1,16De officio proconsulis et legati (Concerning the Office of Proconsul, and his Deputy.)Dig. 1,17De officio praefecti Augustalis (Concerning the Office of Augustal Prefect.)Dig. 1,18De officio praesidis (Concerning the Office of Governor.)Dig. 1,19De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis (Concerning the Office of the Imperial Steward or Accountant.)Dig. 1,20De officio iuridici (Concerning the Office of Juridicus.)Dig. 1,21De officio eius, cui mandata est iurisdictio (Concerning the Office of Him to Whom Jurisdiction is Delegated.)Dig. 1,22De officio adsessorum (Concerning the Office of Assessors.)
Dig. 2,1De iurisdictione (Concerning Jurisdiction.)Dig. 2,2Quod quisque iuris in alterum statuerit, ut ipse eodem iure utatur (Each One Must Himself Use the Law Which He Has Established for Others.)Dig. 2,3Si quis ius dicenti non obtemperaverit (Where Anyone Refuses Obedience to a Magistrate Rendering Judgment.)Dig. 2,4De in ius vocando (Concerning Citations Before a Court of Justice.)Dig. 2,5Si quis in ius vocatus non ierit sive quis eum vocaverit, quem ex edicto non debuerit (Where Anyone Who is Summoned Does Not Appear, and Where Anyone Summoned a Person Whom, According to the Edict, He Should Not Have Summoned.)Dig. 2,6In ius vocati ut eant aut satis vel cautum dent (Persons Who Are Summoned Must Either Appear, or Give Bond or Security to Do So.)Dig. 2,7Ne quis eum qui in ius vocabitur vi eximat (No One Can Forcibly Remove a Person Who Has Been Summoned to Court.)Dig. 2,8Qui satisdare cogantur vel iurato promittant vel suae promissioni committantur (What Persons Are Compelled to Give a Surety, and Who Can Make a Promise Under Oath, or Be Bound by a Mere Promise.)Dig. 2,9Si ex noxali causa agatur, quemadmodum caveatur (In What Way Security Must Be Given in a Noxal Action.)Dig. 2,10De eo per quem factum erit quominus quis in iudicio sistat (Concerning One Who Prevents a Person From Appearing in Court.)Dig. 2,11Si quis cautionibus in iudicio sistendi causa factis non obtemperaverit (Where a Party Who Has Given a Bond to Appear in Court Does Not Do So.)Dig. 2,12De feriis et dilationibus et diversis temporibus (Concerning Festivals, Delays, and Different Seasons.)Dig. 2,13De edendo (Concerning the Statement of a Case.)Dig. 2,14 (0,7 %)De pactis (Concerning Agreements.)Dig. 2,15De transactionibus (Concerning Compromises.)
Dig. 27,1De excusationibus (Concerning the Excuses of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 27,2Ubi pupillus educari vel morari debeat et de alimentis ei praestandis (Where a Ward Should Be Brought Up, or Reside, and Concerning the Support Which Should Be Furnished Him.)Dig. 27,3De tutelae et rationibus distrahendis et utili curationis causa actione (Concerning the Action to Compel an Accounting for Guardianship, and the Equitable Action Based on Curatorship.)Dig. 27,4De contraria tutelae et utili actione (Concerning the Counter-action on Guardianship and the Prætorian Action.)Dig. 27,5De eo qui pro tutore prove curatore negotia gessit (Concerning One Who Transacts Business as Acting Guardian or Curator.)Dig. 27,6Quod falso tutore auctore gestum esse dicatur (Concerning Business Transacted Under the Authority of a False Guardian.)Dig. 27,7De fideiussoribus et nominatoribus et heredibus tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Sureties of Guardians and Curators and Those Who Have Offered Them, and the Heirs of the Former.)Dig. 27,8De magistratibus conveniendis (Concerning Suits Against Magistrates.)Dig. 27,9De rebus eorum, qui sub tutela vel cura sunt, sine decreto non alienandis vel supponendis (Concerning the Property of Those Who Are Under Guardianship or Curatorship, and With Reference To The Alienation or Encumbrance of Their Property Without a Decree.)Dig. 27,10De curatoribus furioso et aliis extra minores dandis (Concerning the Appointment of Curators for Insane Persons and Others Who Are Not Minors.)
Dig. 37,1De bonorum possessionibus (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property.)Dig. 37,2Si tabulae testamenti extabunt (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where There is a Will.)Dig. 37,3De bonorum possessione furioso infanti muto surdo caeco competente (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Granted to an Insane Person, an Infant, or One Who is Dumb, Deaf, or Blind.)Dig. 37,4De bonorum possessione contra tabulas (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,5De legatis praestandis contra tabulas bonorum possessione petita (Concerning the Payment of Legacies Where Prætorian Possession of an Estate is Obtained Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,6De collatione bonorum (Concerning the Collation of Property.)Dig. 37,7De dotis collatione (Concerning Collation of the Dowry.)Dig. 37,8De coniungendis cum emancipato liberis eius (Concerning the Contribution to be Made Between an Emancipated Son and His Children.)Dig. 37,9De ventre in possessionem mittendo et curatore eius (Concerning the Placing of an Unborn Child in Possession of an Estate, and his Curator.)Dig. 37,10De Carboniano edicto (Concerning the Carbonian Edict.)Dig. 37,11De bonorum possessione secundum tabulas (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in Accordance with the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,12Si a parente quis manumissus sit (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where a Son Has Been Manumitted by His Father.)Dig. 37,13De bonorum possessione ex testamento militis (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in the Case of the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 37,14De iure patronatus (Concerning the Right of Patronage.)Dig. 37,15De obsequiis parentibus et patronis praestandis (Concerning the Respect Which Should be Shown to Parents and Patrons.)
Dig. 38,1De operis libertorum (Concerning the Services of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,2De bonis libertorum (Concerning the Property of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,3De libertis universitatium (Concerning the Freedmen of Municipalities.)Dig. 38,4De adsignandis libertis (Concerning the Assignment of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,5Si quid in fraudem patroni factum sit (Where Anything is Done to Defraud the Patron.)Dig. 38,6Si tabulae testamenti nullae extabunt, unde liberi (Where no Will is in Existence by Which Children May be Benefited.)Dig. 38,7Unde legitimi (Concerning Prætorian Possession by Agnates.)Dig. 38,8Unde cognati (Concerning the Prætorian Possession Granted to Cognates.)Dig. 38,9De successorio edicto (Concerning the Successory Edict.)Dig. 38,10De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum (Concerning the Degrees of Relationship and Affinity and Their Different Names.)Dig. 38,11Unde vir et uxor (Concerning Prætorian Possession With Reference to Husband and Wife.)Dig. 38,12De veteranorum et militum successione (Concerning the Succession of Veterans and Soldiers.)Dig. 38,13Quibus non competit bonorum possessio (Concerning Those Who are Not Entitled to Prætorian Possession of an Estate.)Dig. 38,14Ut ex legibus senatusve consultis bonorum possessio detur (Concerning Prætorian Possession of Property Granted by Special Laws or Decrees of the Senate.)Dig. 38,15Quis ordo in possessionibus servetur (What Order is to be Observed in Granting Prætorian Possession.)Dig. 38,16De suis et legitimis heredibus (Concerning Proper Heirs and Heirs at Law.)Dig. 38,17Ad senatus consultum Tertullianum et Orphitianum (On the Tertullian and Orphitian Decrees of the Senate.)
Dig. 40,1De manumissionibus (Concerning Manumissions.)Dig. 40,2De manumissis vindicta (Concerning Manumissions Before a Magistrate.)Dig. 40,3De manumissionibus quae servis ad universitatem pertinentibus imponuntur (Concerning the Manumission of Slaves Belonging to a Community.)Dig. 40,4De manumissis testamento (Concerning Testamentary Manumissions.)Dig. 40,5De fideicommissariis libertatibus (Concerning Freedom Granted Under the Terms of a Trust.)Dig. 40,6De ademptione libertatis (Concerning the Deprivation of Freedom.)Dig. 40,7De statuliberis (Concerning Slaves Who are to be Free Under a Certain Condition.)Dig. 40,8Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt (Concerning Slaves Who Obtain Their Freedom Without Manumission.)Dig. 40,9Qui et a quibus manumissi liberi non fiunt et ad legem Aeliam Sentiam (What Slaves, Having Been Manumitted, do not Become Free, by Whom This is Done; and on the Law of Ælia Sentia.)Dig. 40,10De iure aureorum anulorum (Concerning the Right to Wear a Gold Ring.)Dig. 40,11De natalibus restituendis (Concerning the Restitution of the Rights of Birth.)Dig. 40,12De liberali causa (Concerning Actions Relating to Freedom.)Dig. 40,13Quibus ad libertatem proclamare non licet (Concerning Those Who are Not Permitted to Demand Their Freedom.)Dig. 40,14Si ingenuus esse dicetur (Where Anyone is Decided to be Freeborn.)Dig. 40,15Ne de statu defunctorum post quinquennium quaeratur (No Question as to the Condition of Deceased Persons Shall be Raised After Five Years Have Elapsed After Their Death.)Dig. 40,16De collusione detegenda (Concerning the Detection of Collusion.)
Dig. 43,1De interdictis sive extraordinariis actionibus, quae pro his competunt (Concerning Interdicts or the Extraordinary Proceedings to Which They Give Rise.)Dig. 43,2Quorum bonorum (Concerning the Interdict Quorum Bonorum.)Dig. 43,3Quod legatorum (Concerning the Interdict Quod Legatorum.)Dig. 43,4Ne vis fiat ei, qui in possessionem missus erit (Concerning the Interdict Which Prohibits Violence Being Employed Against a Person Placed in Possession.)Dig. 43,5De tabulis exhibendis (Concerning the Production of Papers Relating to a Will.)Dig. 43,6Ne quid in loco sacro fiat (Concerning the Interdict for the Purpose of Preventing Anything Being Done in a Sacred Place.)Dig. 43,7De locis et itineribus publicis (Concerning the Interdict Relating to Public Places and Highways.)Dig. 43,8Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat (Concerning the Interdict Forbidding Anything to be Done in a Public Place or on a Highway.)Dig. 43,9De loco publico fruendo (Concerning the Edict Relating to the Enjoyment of a Public Place.)Dig. 43,10De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Public Streets and Anything Done Therein.)Dig. 43,11De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Repairs of Public Streets and Highways.)Dig. 43,12De fluminibus. ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius fiat, quo peius navigetur (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Rivers and the Prevention of Anything Being Done in Them or on Their Banks Which May Interfere With Navigation.)Dig. 43,13Ne quid in flumine publico fiat, quo aliter aqua fluat, atque uti priore aestate fluxit (Concerning the Interdict to Prevent Anything From Being Built in a Public River or on Its Bank Which Might Cause the Water to Flow in a Different Direction Than it did During the Preceding Summer.)Dig. 43,14Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Use of a Public River for Navigation.)Dig. 43,15De ripa munienda (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Raising the Banks of Streams.)Dig. 43,16De vi et de vi armata (Concerning the Interdict Against Violence and Armed Force.)Dig. 43,17Uti possidetis (Concerning the Interdict Uti Possidetis.)Dig. 43,18De superficiebus (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Surface of the Land.)Dig. 43,19De itinere actuque privato (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Private Rights of Way.)Dig. 43,20De aqua cottidiana et aestiva (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Water Used Every Day and to Such as is Only Used During the Summer.)Dig. 43,21De rivis (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to Conduits.)Dig. 43,22De fonte (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Springs.)Dig. 43,23De cloacis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Sewers.)Dig. 43,24Quod vi aut clam (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Works Undertaken by Violence or Clandestinely.)Dig. 43,25De remissionibus (Concerning the Withdrawal of Opposition.)Dig. 43,26De precario (Concerning Precarious Tenures.)Dig. 43,27De arboribus caedendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Cutting of Trees.)Dig. 43,28De glande legenda (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Gathering of Fruit Which Has Fallen From the Premises of One Person Upon Those of Another.)Dig. 43,29De homine libero exhibendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of a Person Who Is Free.)Dig. 43,30De liberis exhibendis, item ducendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of Children and Their Recovery.)Dig. 43,31Utrubi (Concerning the Interdict Utrubi.)Dig. 43,32De migrando (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Removal of Tenants.)Dig. 43,33De Salviano interdicto (Concerning the Salvian Interdict.)
Dig. 47,1De privatis delictis (Concerning Private Offences.)Dig. 47,2De furtis (Concerning Thefts.)Dig. 47,3De tigno iuncto (Concerning the Theft of Timbers Joined to a Building.)Dig. 47,4Si is, qui testamento liber esse iussus erit, post mortem domini ante aditam hereditatem subripuisse aut corrupisse quid dicetur (Where Anyone Who is Ordered to be Free by the Terms of a Will, After the Death of His Master and Before the Estate is Entered Upon, is Said to Have Stolen or Spoiled Something.)Dig. 47,5Furti adversus nautas caupones stabularios (Concerning Theft Committed Against Captains of Vessels, Innkeepers, and Landlords.)Dig. 47,6Si familia furtum fecisse dicetur (Concerning Thefts Alleged to Have Been Made by an Entire Body of Slaves.)Dig. 47,7Arborum furtim caesarum (Concerning Trees Cut Down by Stealth.)Dig. 47,8Vi bonorum raptorum et de turba (Concerning the Robbery of Property by Violence, and Disorderly Assemblages.)Dig. 47,9De incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata (Concerning Fire, Destruction, and Shipwreck, Where a Boat or a Ship is Taken by Force.)Dig. 47,10De iniuriis et famosis libellis (Concerning Injuries and Infamous Libels.)Dig. 47,11De extraordinariis criminibus (Concerning the Arbitrary Punishment of Crime.)Dig. 47,12De sepulchro violato (Concerning the Violation of Sepulchres.)Dig. 47,13De concussione (Concerning Extortion.)Dig. 47,14De abigeis (Concerning Those Who Steal Cattle.)Dig. 47,15De praevaricatione (Concerning Prevarication.)Dig. 47,16De receptatoribus (Concerning Those Who Harbor Criminals.)Dig. 47,17De furibus balneariis (Concerning Thieves Who Steal in Baths.)Dig. 47,18De effractoribus et expilatoribus (Concerning Those Who Break Out of Prison, and Plunderers.)Dig. 47,19Expilatae hereditatis (Concerning the Spoliation of Estates.)Dig. 47,20Stellionatus (Concerning Stellionatus.)Dig. 47,21De termino moto (Concerning the Removal of Boundaries.)Dig. 47,22De collegiis et corporibus (Concerning Associations and Corporations.)Dig. 47,23De popularibus actionibus (Concerning Popular Actions.)
Dig. 48,1De publicis iudiciis (On Criminal Prosecutions.)Dig. 48,2De accusationibus et inscriptionibus (Concerning Accusations and Inscriptions.)Dig. 48,3De custodia et exhibitione reorum (Concerning the Custody and Appearance of Defendants in Criminal Cases.)Dig. 48,4Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis (On the Julian Law Relating to the Crime of Lese Majesty.)Dig. 48,5Ad legem Iuliam de adulteriis coercendis (Concerning the Julian Law for the Punishment of Adultery.)Dig. 48,6Ad legem Iuliam de vi publica (Concerning the Julian Law on Public Violence.)Dig. 48,7Ad legem Iuliam de vi privata (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Private Violence.)Dig. 48,8Ad legem Corneliam de siccariis et veneficis (Concerning the Cornelian Law Relating to Assassins and Poisoners.)Dig. 48,9De lege Pompeia de parricidiis (Concerning the Pompeian Law on Parricides.)Dig. 48,10De lege Cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto Liboniano (Concerning the Cornelian Law on Deceit and the Libonian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 48,11De lege Iulia repetundarum (Concerning the Julian Law on Extortion.)Dig. 48,12De lege Iulia de annona (Concerning the Julian Law on Provisions.)Dig. 48,13Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)Dig. 48,14De lege Iulia ambitus (Concerning the Julian Law With Reference to the Unlawful Seeking of Office.)Dig. 48,15De lege Fabia de plagiariis (Concerning the Favian Law With Reference to Kidnappers.)Dig. 48,16Ad senatus consultum Turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum (Concerning the Turpillian Decree of the Senate and the Dismissal of Charges.)Dig. 48,17De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis (Concerning the Conviction of Persons Who Are Sought For or Are Absent.)Dig. 48,18De quaestionibus (Concerning Torture.)Dig. 48,19De poenis (Concerning Punishments.)Dig. 48,20De bonis damnatorum (Concerning the Property of Persons Who Have Been Convicted.)Dig. 48,21De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt (Concerning the Property of Those Who Have Either Killed Themselves or Corrupted Their Accusers Before Judgment Has Been Rendered.)Dig. 48,22De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis (Concerning Persons Who Are Interdicted, Relegated, and Deported.)Dig. 48,23De sententiam passis et restitutis (Concerning Persons Upon Whom Sentence Has Been Passed and Who Have Been Restored to Their Rights.)Dig. 48,24De cadaveribus punitorum (Concerning the Corpses of Persons Who Are Punished.)
Dig. 49,1De appellationibus et relegationibus (On Appeals and Reports.)Dig. 49,2A quibus appellari non licet (From What Persons It Is Not Permitted to Appeal.)Dig. 49,3Quis a quo appelletur (To Whom and From Whom an Appeal Can be Taken.)Dig. 49,4Quando appellandum sit et intra quae tempora (When an Appeal Should be Taken, and Within What Time.)Dig. 49,5De appellationibus recipiendis vel non (Concerning the Acceptance or Rejection of Appeals.)Dig. 49,6De libellis dimissoriis, qui apostoli dicuntur (Concerning Notices of Appeal Called Dispatches.)Dig. 49,7Nihil innovari appellatione interposita (No Change Shall be Made After the Appeal Has Been Interposed.)Dig. 49,8Quae sententiae sine appellatione rescindantur (What Decisions Can be Rescinded Without an Appeal.)Dig. 49,9An per alium causae appellationum reddi possunt (Whether the Reasons for an Appeal Can be Presented by Another.)Dig. 49,10Si tutor vel curator magistratusve creatus appellaverit (Where a Guardian, a Curator, or a Magistrate Having Been Appointed, Appeals.)Dig. 49,11Eum qui appellaverit in provincia defendi (He Who Appeals Should Be Defended in His Own Province.)Dig. 49,12Apud eum, a quo appellatur, aliam causam agere compellendum (Where a Party Litigant is Compelled to Bring Another Action Before the Judge From Whose Decision He Has Already Appealed.)Dig. 49,13Si pendente appellatione mors intervenerit (If Death Should Occur While an Appeal is Pending.)Dig. 49,14De iure fisci (Concerning the Rights of the Treasury.)Dig. 49,15De captivis et de postliminio et redemptis ab hostibus (Concerning Captives, the Right of Postliminium, and Persons Ransomed From the Enemy.)Dig. 49,16De re militari (Concerning Military Affairs.)Dig. 49,17De castrensi peculio (Concerning Castrense Peculium.)Dig. 49,18De veteranis (Concerning Veterans.)

Dig. 1,6,5Idem libro trigensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Nepotes ex filio mortuo avo reccidere solent in filii potestatem, hoc est patris sui: simili modo et pronepotes et deinceps vel in filii potestate, si vivit et in familia mansit, vel in eius parentis, qui ante eos in potestate est. et hoc non tantum in naturalibus, verum in adoptivis quoque iuris est.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Grandsons, after the death of their paternal grandfather, usually come under the control of his son, that is, of their own father. In like manner, great-grandchildren and other descendants also come under the control of a son, if he is living, and remains in the family; or under that of an ascendant who precedes them in authority. This is also the law not only concerning natural children but also with reference to those who have been adopted.

Dig. 2,14,49Ulpianus libro trigensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si quis crediderit pecuniam et pactus sit ut, quatenus facere possit debitor, eatenus agat: an pactum valeat? et magis est hoc pactum valere. nec enim improbum est, si quis hactenus desideret conveniri, quatenus facultates patiuntur.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. When anyone loans money, and agrees that he will only bring suit against the debtor for the amount that he is able to pay, is such a contract valid? The better opinion is that this contract is valid, as there is nothing improper for anyone to consent to be sued for an amount which his means permit.

Dig. 23,1,6Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si puellae tutores ad finienda sponsalia nuntium miserunt, non putarem suffecturum ad dissolvendam nuptiarum spem hunc nuntium, non magis quam sponsalia posse eos solos constituere, nisi forte omnia ista ex voluntate puellae facta sint.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. If the guardians of a girl send a notice of the termination of a betrothal, I do not think that this will be sufficient to destroy the expectation of marriage, any more than it would be sufficient, of itself, to establish it; unless all this is done with the consent of the girl.

Dig. 23,3,27Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Quod si fuerit factum, fundus vel res dotalis efficitur.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. When this is done, the land or the personal property becomes dotal.

Dig. 23,3,29Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Cum pater dotem pro filia promittit et dotem legat, si quidem marito legavit, videndum est, an legatum valeat, et non puto valere: nam cum creditori debitor legat id quod debet, nullum legatum est. quod si filiae legavit, valet legatum: dos enim ex promissione marito debetur, legatum filiae. et si quidem hoc animo testatorem esse filia ostenderit, ut duplicaret ei legatum, habebit utrumque, dotem quam maritus persecutus fuerit et legatum ex causa legati. quod si alterutrum voluit habere: si mulier legatum petat, opposita doli exceptione non alias cogetur ei heres legatum solvere, quam si caverit indemnem hoc nomine heredem futurum adversus maritum ex promissione agentem. sed si maritus agat, nihil de indemnitate eum cavere oportebit, verum mulier post eum agens exceptione repelletur, quia semel dos praestita est.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Where a father promises a dowry for his daughter, and bequeaths it, if he leaves it to her husband should it be considered whether the legacy is valid or not? I do not think that it is valid, for when a debtor bequeaths to a creditor what he owes him, the legacy is void. If, however, he makes the bequest to his daughter, the legacy is valid, for the dowry was due to the husband on account of the promise, and the legacy is due to the daughter. If the daughter should prove that the testator intended to double the legacy, she will be entitled to both, the dowry which her husband has a right to collect and the legacy on account of the bequest. But if the testator intended that she should have one or the other of these, and the woman claims the legacy, and is met by an exception on the ground of bad faith, the heir will not be compelled to pay her the legacy, unless she indemnified him, on this account against her husband bringing an action based on the promise made. Where, however, the husband institutes proceedings, it will not be necessary for her to indemnify the heir, but where the woman brings an action after him, she can be barred by an exception because the dowry has already been paid.

Dig. 24,1,33Idem libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si stipulata fuerit mulier annuum, id ex stipulatu petere constante matrimonio non potest. sed si manente matrimonio decessisse maritus proponatur, puto, quia in annuo quoque donatio vertitur, posse dici stipulationem confirmari ex senatus consulto. 1Si uxor marito annuum versa vice praestiterit, restituetur ei hoc et poterit vindicare id quod exstat: credo poterit et condicere, in quantum locupletior factus est, quia non tam sollemne est annuum, quod maritus uxori pendit et quod uxor marito praestat, immo incongruens est et contra sexus naturam. 2Et si forte maritus ab uxore stipulatus sit id annuum decesseritque mulier constante matrimonio, dicendum erit ex oratione donationem convalescere.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Ad Dig. 24,1,33 pr.Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 509, Note 35.Where a husband agrees to pay his wife a certain sum annually, she cannot bring an action on the stipulation during the marriage. But, if while the marriage is still in existence, the husband should die, I think that, because the donation has reference to an annual payment, the stipulation can be enforced under the Decree of the Senate. 1On the other hand, where a wife makes an agreement with her husband to pay him a certain sum every year, this can be refunded to her, and she can bring an action to recover what remains. I think that she can also bring a personal action for the amount to which her husband is enriched; because the annual allowance which a husband pays to his wife is not as important as that which a wife pays to her husband, for this is inconsistent, and contrary to the nature of the sex. 2Ad Dig. 24,1,33,2Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 509, Note 35.If the husband stipulated with his wife for annual payments, and the woman should die during marriage, it must be said that the donation will become valid under the Address.

Dig. 24,3,12Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Maritum in id quod facere potest condemnari exploratum est: sed hoc heredi non esse praestandum,

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. It is established that the husband can have judgment rendered against him for the amount which he is able to pay, but this privilege cannot be granted to his heir;

Dig. 24,3,14Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Alia causa est defensoris, quem placet sufficienter videri defendisse, si tantum uxori praestet, quantum consequeretur, si ipsum maritum convenisset. 1Eleganter quaerit Pomponius libro quinto decimo ex Sabino, si paciscatur maritus, ne in id quod facere possit condemnetur, sed in solidum, an hoc pactum servandum sit? et negat servari oportere, quod quidem et mihi videtur verum: namque contra bonos mores id pactum esse melius est dicere, quippe cum contra receptam reverentiam, quae maritis exhibenda est, id esse apparet.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. The case is different where a defender appears, for it is held that he properly defends the husband if he merely gives to the wife the amount which she could have recovered if she had brought suit against her husband himself. 1Ad Dig. 24,3,14,1Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 268, Note 10.Pomponius very properly asks, in the Sixteenth Book On Sabinus, where a husband had made an agreement with his wife that judgment should not be rendered against him to the extent of his resources, but for the entire amount; whether such an agreement should be observed. He denies that it should be observed. This opinion seems to me to be correct, for it is better to hold that such an agreement was made contrary to good morals, as it is apparent that it was entered into in violation of the respect which a woman should show to her husband.

Dig. 24,3,19Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si mulier diverterit et iudicio de dote contestato reversa fuerit in matrimonium, redintegrato matrimonio exspirat iudicium et omnia in statu pristino manent.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. But if a woman obtains a divorce, and issue is joined in an action on dowry, and she returns to her husband, the marriage having been re-established, the action will be terminated, and everything will remain in its former condition.

Dig. 25,1,1Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Impensarum quaedam sunt necessariae, quaedam utiles, quaedam vero voluptariae. 1Necessariae hae dicuntur, quae habent in se necessitatem inpendendi: ceterum si nulla fuit necessitas, alio iure habentur. 2In necessariis impensis hoc sciendum est eas demum inpensas dotem minuere, quae in dotem factae sunt: ceterum si in dotem factae non sint, non habent in se reputationem. 3Inter necessarias inpensas esse Labeo ait moles in mare vel flumen proiectas. sed et si pistrinum vel horreum necessario factum sit, in necessariis impensis habendum ait. proinde Fulcinius inquit, si aedificium ruens quod habere mulieri utile erat refecerit, aut si oliveta reiecta restauraverit, vel ex stipulatione damni infecti ne committatur praestiterit,

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXIX. Expenses are either necessary, useful, or incurred for purposes of pleasure. 1Those expenses are called necessary which are made through necessity. Where, however, no necessity exists, they come under another head. 2With reference to necessary expenses, it must be remembered that they only decrease the dowry when they are incurred on account of it. When, however, they are not incurred with reference to the dowry, they cannot be taken out of it. 3Labeo says that dikes built in the sea or river come under the head of necessary expenses. Where a mill or a granary, which is required, is built, it should be included among necessary expenses. Hence Falcinius says that if the husband should rebuild a house which was useful to his wife, and which was falling into ruin; or if he should replant an olive-orchard, where the trees had blown down; or if he should enter into a stipulation providing against the occurrence of threatened injury:

Dig. 25,1,3Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. vel si vites propagaverit vel arbores curaverit vel seminaria pro utilitate agri fecerit, necessarias inpensas fecisse videbitur. 1Nos generaliter definiemus multum interesse, ad perpetuam utilitatem agri vel ad eam quae non ad praesentis temporis pertineat, an vero ad praesentis anni fructum: si in praesentis, cum fructibus hoc compensandum: si vero non fuit ad praesens tantum apta erogatio, necessariis inpensis computandum.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Or if he should plant vines, or takes care of trees or nurseries for the benefit of the land, he will be held to have incurred necessary expenses. 1Generally speaking, we make a distinction, and in fact there is much difference where expenses are incurred to the permanent advantage of the land, and where this is done only for the present time, or on account of the crop for the present year. In the latter instance, the expenses ought to be set off against the crop, but where they have not been incurred temporarily, they should be reckoned among those that are necessary.

Dig. 25,1,5Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Quod dicitur necessarias impensas dotem minuere, sic erit accipiendum, ut et Pomponius ait, non ut ipsae res corporaliter deminuantur, ut puta fundus vel quodcumque aliud corpus: etenim absurdum est deminutionem corporis fieri propter pecuniam. ceterum haec efficietaaDie Großausgabe liest res faciet statt efficiet. desinere esse fundum dotalem vel partem eius. manebit igitur maritus in rerum detentationem, donec ei satisfiat: non enim ipso iure corporum, sed dotis fit deminutio. ubi ergo admittimus deminutionem dotis ipso iure fieri? ubi non sunt corpora, sed pecunia: nam in pecunia ratio admittit deminutionem fieri. proinde si aestimata corpora in dotem data sint, ipso iure dos deminuetur per inpensas necessarias. hoc de his inpensis dictum est, quae in dotem ipsam factae sint: ceterum si extrinsecus, non imminuent dotem. 1Sed si inpensis necessariis mulier satisfecerit, utrum dos crescat an vero dicimus ex integro videri dotem? et ego, ubi pecunia est, non dubito dotem videri crevisse. 2Si dos tota soluta sit non habita ratione inpensarum, videndum est, an condici possit id, quod pro impensis necessariis compensari solet. et Marcellus admittit condictioni esse locum: sed etsi plerique negent, tamen propter aequitatem Marcelli sententia admittenda est. 3Utiles autem impensae sunt, quas maritus utiliter fecit, remque meliorem uxoris fecerit, hoc est dotem,

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Where it is stated that necessary expenses diminish the dowry, this (as Pomponius says) must be understood to mean not that the property itself is actually diminished, as for instance, land or any other dotal property, for it is absurd to hold that any diminution of the same can occur on account of money expended; but it signifies that the said property ceases to become dotal either wholly, or in part. Hence the husband will remain in possession of it until his claim is satisfied, for no diminution of the same is effected, by operation of law, but merely a diminution of the dowry takes place. When, therefore, shall we admit that a diminution of the dowry occurs by operation of law? This will be the case where the dowry consists of other property than money, for it is reasonable to admit that a diminution of money can take place. Hence, if certain property, after being appraised, is given by way of dowry, the dowry will be diminished by operation of law to the amount of the necessary expenses incurred. This is said to be applicable to expenses incurred with reference to the dowry itself, but if they are made with reference to other matters they do not diminish the dowry. 1Where the wife pays such necessary expenses, can we say that the dowry is increased, or should it be held to remain unimpaired? Where the dowry consists of money, I have no doubt that it should be held to have increased. 2Where the entire dowry is paid without any account having been taken of expenses, it must be considered whether the amount which it is customary to set off against necessary expenses can be recovered by a personal action. Marcellus holds that there is ground for such action, and although many authorities deny that this is the case, still, on account of equity, the opinion of Marcellus should be upheld. 3Useful expenses are those which the husband incurs for the benefit of the property, and which improve the property of the wife, that is to say, her dowry.

Dig. 25,1,7Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Voluptariae autem inpensae sunt, quas maritus ad voluptatem fecit et quae species exornant. quarum utiles non quidem minuunt ipso iure dotem, verumtamen habent exactionem.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Expenses for the purpose of pleasure are those which the husband incurs to that end, and which are an ornament to the property. Such expenses do not diminish the dowry by operation of law, as those which are useful do, nevertheless, they can be demanded.

Dig. 25,1,9Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Pro voluptariis impensis, nisi parata sit mulier pati maritum tollentem, exactionem patitur. nam si vult habere mulier, reddere ea quae impensa sunt debet marito: aut si non vult, pati debet tollentem, si modo recipiant separationem: ceterum si non recipiant, relinquendae sunt: ita enim permittendum est marito auferre ornatum quem posuit, si futurum est eius quod abstulit.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. The husband is permitted to demand from his wife expenses incurred for pleasure, if she does not permit him to remove what caused them. For, if the wife desires to retain such improvements, she should refund the amount expended by her husband; or if she does not wish to retain them, she should permit him to remove them, provided they admit of separation. If, however, they cannot be separated, they should be left; for the husband is not allowed to take away any ornaments which he has added to the property, unless by doing so he can make them his own.

Dig. 25,1,11Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. In voluptariis autem Aristo scribit nec si voluntate mulieris factae sunt, exactionem parere. 1Donationem inter virum et uxorem circa impensas quoque inhibitam vere Sabinus scribit.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Aristo, however, says with reference to expenses incurred for pleasure, that the husband cannot demand them, even if they have been made with the consent of his wife. 1Sabinus very properly holds that gifts which are prohibited between husband and wife also extend to expenses incurred on account of the dowry.

Dig. 25,2,7Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Mulier habebit rerum amotarum actionem adversus virum et compensare potest mulier cum actione, qua maritus agere vult ob res amotas.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. A wife is entitled to an action against her husband for the recovery of property fraudulently appropriated, and she can set off the claim in her action against that made by the husband, where he brings suit for the same cause.

Dig. 26,2,10Ulpianus libro trigesimo sexto ad Sabinum. Si hereditas nondum adita sit, ex qua tutor speratur, verius est alium tutorem posse dari, quasi nondum sit, nec speretur. 1In tutelis testamentariis id sequimur quod novissimum est, et si saepius tutor datus sit, novissimam scripturam intuemur. 2Qui filium et ex eo nepotem habebat, si nepoti tutorem dederit, habet disceptationem, an aliquo casu non sit utilis datio: ut puta si proponas filium vivo patre decessisse et nepotem ex eo successisse vivo avo. et fortius dicendum est tutelam quoque e lege Iunia Vellea confirmatum: nam et Pomponius libro sexto decimo ex Sabino scripsit valere tutoris dationem. cum enim confirmatum sit testamentum, consequenter tutoris quoque datio valebit in eo testamento scripta quod valet, id est ubi nepos vel heres institutus sit vel nominatim exheredatus sit. 3Si furiosus testamento tutor detur, si quidem, cum furere desierit, tutorem esse recte datum Proculus existimat: quod si datus sit pure, negat Proculus valere dationem. sed est verius, quod et Pomponius ait, recte videri datum et tunc fore tutorem, cum sapere coeperit. 4Servus alienus ita dari tutor potest ‘si liber erit, tutor esto’. quin immo et si pure datus sit, videtur inesse haec condicio ‘cum liber erit’. potest autem quis et extraneo servo defendere ex hac causa fideicommissariam libertatem: quid enim interest, suum servum an alienum tutorem scripserit, cum pupilli favore et publicae utilitatis adsumpta libertas sit in persona eius, qui tutor scriptus est? potest igitur et huic fideicommissaria libertas defendi, si voluntas apertissime non refragetur.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. If an estate is not yet entered upon, and the appointment of a guardian is expected under the will disposing of it, the better opinion is that another guardian can be appointed, just as if there was none, nor any expectation of one. 1In testamentary guardianship, the last will of the testator is observed, and if he has appointed several guardians, we accept the last one mentioned. 2Where a man had a son, and a grandson by him, and appointed a guardian for the grandson, there may be a question whether an appointment under such circumstances will not be valid; for example, if one supposes that the son died during the lifetime of his father, and for this reason the grandson will become the heir to his grandfather during the lifetime of the latter. It must be positively held that such a guardianship is confirmed by the Lex Junia Velleia. Pomponius stated in the Sixteenth Book on Sabinus that the appointment of such a guardian is valid. For as the will is valid, the appointment of the guardian made therein will consequently also be valid; that is to say, where the grandson is either appointed heir, or expressly disinherited. 3Where an insane person is appointed a guardian by will, Proculus thinks that the appointment is properly made, if it is stated that he shall act when he ceases to be insane. If, however, he is appointed unconditionally, Proculus denies that the appointment is valid. What Pomponius says is more correct, that is, that the appointment was held to have been properly made, and that the guardian can act when he recovers his reason. 4A slave belonging to another can be appointed a guardian, where it is stated that he shall act if he becomes free. And even if the slave should be appointed without any condition, the acquisition of his freedom is held to be a condition upon which his appointment depends. Where, however, a slave belonging to another is appointed, anyone, however, can maintain that, by doing so, the testator has bequeathed him his freedom by means of a trust. For what difference does it make whether he appoints his own slave, or that of another, since, in the interest of the ward, and in consideration of the public welfare, the freedom of him who is appointed guardian is assumed? Therefore, it can be maintained that freedom through a trust has been conferred upon the slave, unless it is perfectly clear that this was not the intention of the testator.

Dig. 29,1,28Ulpianus libro trigensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Cum filius familias miles decessisset filio impubere herede instituto eique substituisset in avi potestate manenti tutoresque dedisset, divi fratres rescripserunt substitutionem quidem valere, tutoris autem dationem non valere, quia hereditati quidem suae miles qualem vellet substitutionem facere potest, verum tamen alienum ius minuere non potest.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Where a son under paternal control died while in the army, after having appointed as his heir his son, who had not yet reached the age of puberty, and also appointed a substitute as well as guardians for him while under the control of his grandfather, the Divine Brothers stated in a Rescript that the substitution was valid, but that the appointment of the guardians was not, for the reason that a soldier in disposing of his estate can make any substitution that he desires, but he cannot do anything injuriously affecting the rights of another.

Dig. 50,17,28Ulpianus libro trigensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Divus Pius rescripsit eos, qui ex liberalitate conveniuntur, in id quod facere possunt condemnandos.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. The Divine Pius stated in a Rescript that those who were sued on account of a display of liberality could only have judgment rendered against them for an amount which they were able to pay.

Dig. 50,17,30Ulpianus libro trigensimo sexto ad Sabinum. Nuptias non concubitus, sed consensus facit.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXXVI. Consent and not cohabitation constitutes marriage.