Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1968)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Ulp.Sab. XXI
Ulp. Ad Massurium Sabinum lib.Ulpiani Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ad Massurium Sabinum libri

Ex libro XXI

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Dig. 1,1De iustitia et iure (Concerning Justice and Law.)Dig. 1,2De origine iuris et omnium magistratuum et successione prudentium (Concerning the Origin of Law and of All Magistrates, Together With a Succession of Jurists.)Dig. 1,3De legibus senatusque consultis et longa consuetudine (Concerning Statutes, Decrees of the Senate, and Long Established Customs.)Dig. 1,4De constitutionibus principum (Concerning the Constitutions of the Emperors.)Dig. 1,5De statu hominum (Concerning the Condition of Men.)Dig. 1,6De his qui sui vel alieni iuris sunt (Concerning Those Who Are Their Own Masters, and Those That Are Under the Control of Others.)Dig. 1,7De adoptionibus et emancipationibus et aliis modis quibus potestas solvitur (Concerning Adoptions and Emancipations, and Other Methods by Which Paternal Authority is Dissolved.)Dig. 1,8De divisione rerum et qualitate (Concerning the Division and Nature of Things.)Dig. 1,9De senatoribus (Concerning Senators.)Dig. 1,10De officio consulis (Concerning the Office of Consul.)Dig. 1,11De officio praefecti praetorio (Concerning the Office of Prætorian Prefect.)Dig. 1,12De officio praefecti urbi (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the City.)Dig. 1,13De officio quaestoris (Concerning the Office of Quæstor.)Dig. 1,14De officio praetorum (Concerning the Office of the Prætors.)Dig. 1,15De officio praefecti vigilum (Concerning the Office of Prefect of the Night Watch.)Dig. 1,16De officio proconsulis et legati (Concerning the Office of Proconsul, and his Deputy.)Dig. 1,17De officio praefecti Augustalis (Concerning the Office of Augustal Prefect.)Dig. 1,18De officio praesidis (Concerning the Office of Governor.)Dig. 1,19De officio procuratoris Caesaris vel rationalis (Concerning the Office of the Imperial Steward or Accountant.)Dig. 1,20De officio iuridici (Concerning the Office of Juridicus.)Dig. 1,21De officio eius, cui mandata est iurisdictio (Concerning the Office of Him to Whom Jurisdiction is Delegated.)Dig. 1,22De officio adsessorum (Concerning the Office of Assessors.)
Dig. 2,1De iurisdictione (Concerning Jurisdiction.)Dig. 2,2Quod quisque iuris in alterum statuerit, ut ipse eodem iure utatur (Each One Must Himself Use the Law Which He Has Established for Others.)Dig. 2,3Si quis ius dicenti non obtemperaverit (Where Anyone Refuses Obedience to a Magistrate Rendering Judgment.)Dig. 2,4De in ius vocando (Concerning Citations Before a Court of Justice.)Dig. 2,5Si quis in ius vocatus non ierit sive quis eum vocaverit, quem ex edicto non debuerit (Where Anyone Who is Summoned Does Not Appear, and Where Anyone Summoned a Person Whom, According to the Edict, He Should Not Have Summoned.)Dig. 2,6In ius vocati ut eant aut satis vel cautum dent (Persons Who Are Summoned Must Either Appear, or Give Bond or Security to Do So.)Dig. 2,7Ne quis eum qui in ius vocabitur vi eximat (No One Can Forcibly Remove a Person Who Has Been Summoned to Court.)Dig. 2,8Qui satisdare cogantur vel iurato promittant vel suae promissioni committantur (What Persons Are Compelled to Give a Surety, and Who Can Make a Promise Under Oath, or Be Bound by a Mere Promise.)Dig. 2,9Si ex noxali causa agatur, quemadmodum caveatur (In What Way Security Must Be Given in a Noxal Action.)Dig. 2,10De eo per quem factum erit quominus quis in iudicio sistat (Concerning One Who Prevents a Person From Appearing in Court.)Dig. 2,11Si quis cautionibus in iudicio sistendi causa factis non obtemperaverit (Where a Party Who Has Given a Bond to Appear in Court Does Not Do So.)Dig. 2,12De feriis et dilationibus et diversis temporibus (Concerning Festivals, Delays, and Different Seasons.)Dig. 2,13De edendo (Concerning the Statement of a Case.)Dig. 2,14De pactis (Concerning Agreements.)Dig. 2,15De transactionibus (Concerning Compromises.)
Dig. 27,1De excusationibus (Concerning the Excuses of Guardians and Curators.)Dig. 27,2Ubi pupillus educari vel morari debeat et de alimentis ei praestandis (Where a Ward Should Be Brought Up, or Reside, and Concerning the Support Which Should Be Furnished Him.)Dig. 27,3De tutelae et rationibus distrahendis et utili curationis causa actione (Concerning the Action to Compel an Accounting for Guardianship, and the Equitable Action Based on Curatorship.)Dig. 27,4De contraria tutelae et utili actione (Concerning the Counter-action on Guardianship and the Prætorian Action.)Dig. 27,5De eo qui pro tutore prove curatore negotia gessit (Concerning One Who Transacts Business as Acting Guardian or Curator.)Dig. 27,6Quod falso tutore auctore gestum esse dicatur (Concerning Business Transacted Under the Authority of a False Guardian.)Dig. 27,7De fideiussoribus et nominatoribus et heredibus tutorum et curatorum (Concerning the Sureties of Guardians and Curators and Those Who Have Offered Them, and the Heirs of the Former.)Dig. 27,8De magistratibus conveniendis (Concerning Suits Against Magistrates.)Dig. 27,9De rebus eorum, qui sub tutela vel cura sunt, sine decreto non alienandis vel supponendis (Concerning the Property of Those Who Are Under Guardianship or Curatorship, and With Reference To The Alienation or Encumbrance of Their Property Without a Decree.)Dig. 27,10De curatoribus furioso et aliis extra minores dandis (Concerning the Appointment of Curators for Insane Persons and Others Who Are Not Minors.)
Dig. 37,1De bonorum possessionibus (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property.)Dig. 37,2Si tabulae testamenti extabunt (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where There is a Will.)Dig. 37,3De bonorum possessione furioso infanti muto surdo caeco competente (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Granted to an Insane Person, an Infant, or One Who is Dumb, Deaf, or Blind.)Dig. 37,4De bonorum possessione contra tabulas (Concerning the Prætorian Possession of Property Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,5De legatis praestandis contra tabulas bonorum possessione petita (Concerning the Payment of Legacies Where Prætorian Possession of an Estate is Obtained Contrary to the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,6De collatione bonorum (Concerning the Collation of Property.)Dig. 37,7De dotis collatione (Concerning Collation of the Dowry.)Dig. 37,8De coniungendis cum emancipato liberis eius (Concerning the Contribution to be Made Between an Emancipated Son and His Children.)Dig. 37,9De ventre in possessionem mittendo et curatore eius (Concerning the Placing of an Unborn Child in Possession of an Estate, and his Curator.)Dig. 37,10De Carboniano edicto (Concerning the Carbonian Edict.)Dig. 37,11De bonorum possessione secundum tabulas (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in Accordance with the Provisions of the Will.)Dig. 37,12Si a parente quis manumissus sit (Concerning Prætorian Possession Where a Son Has Been Manumitted by His Father.)Dig. 37,13De bonorum possessione ex testamento militis (Concerning Prætorian Possession of an Estate in the Case of the Will of a Soldier.)Dig. 37,14De iure patronatus (Concerning the Right of Patronage.)Dig. 37,15De obsequiis parentibus et patronis praestandis (Concerning the Respect Which Should be Shown to Parents and Patrons.)
Dig. 38,1De operis libertorum (Concerning the Services of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,2De bonis libertorum (Concerning the Property of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,3De libertis universitatium (Concerning the Freedmen of Municipalities.)Dig. 38,4De adsignandis libertis (Concerning the Assignment of Freedmen.)Dig. 38,5Si quid in fraudem patroni factum sit (Where Anything is Done to Defraud the Patron.)Dig. 38,6Si tabulae testamenti nullae extabunt, unde liberi (Where no Will is in Existence by Which Children May be Benefited.)Dig. 38,7Unde legitimi (Concerning Prætorian Possession by Agnates.)Dig. 38,8Unde cognati (Concerning the Prætorian Possession Granted to Cognates.)Dig. 38,9De successorio edicto (Concerning the Successory Edict.)Dig. 38,10De gradibus et adfinibus et nominibus eorum (Concerning the Degrees of Relationship and Affinity and Their Different Names.)Dig. 38,11Unde vir et uxor (Concerning Prætorian Possession With Reference to Husband and Wife.)Dig. 38,12De veteranorum et militum successione (Concerning the Succession of Veterans and Soldiers.)Dig. 38,13Quibus non competit bonorum possessio (Concerning Those Who are Not Entitled to Prætorian Possession of an Estate.)Dig. 38,14Ut ex legibus senatusve consultis bonorum possessio detur (Concerning Prætorian Possession of Property Granted by Special Laws or Decrees of the Senate.)Dig. 38,15Quis ordo in possessionibus servetur (What Order is to be Observed in Granting Prætorian Possession.)Dig. 38,16De suis et legitimis heredibus (Concerning Proper Heirs and Heirs at Law.)Dig. 38,17Ad senatus consultum Tertullianum et Orphitianum (On the Tertullian and Orphitian Decrees of the Senate.)
Dig. 40,1De manumissionibus (Concerning Manumissions.)Dig. 40,2De manumissis vindicta (Concerning Manumissions Before a Magistrate.)Dig. 40,3De manumissionibus quae servis ad universitatem pertinentibus imponuntur (Concerning the Manumission of Slaves Belonging to a Community.)Dig. 40,4De manumissis testamento (Concerning Testamentary Manumissions.)Dig. 40,5De fideicommissariis libertatibus (Concerning Freedom Granted Under the Terms of a Trust.)Dig. 40,6De ademptione libertatis (Concerning the Deprivation of Freedom.)Dig. 40,7De statuliberis (Concerning Slaves Who are to be Free Under a Certain Condition.)Dig. 40,8Qui sine manumissione ad libertatem perveniunt (Concerning Slaves Who Obtain Their Freedom Without Manumission.)Dig. 40,9Qui et a quibus manumissi liberi non fiunt et ad legem Aeliam Sentiam (What Slaves, Having Been Manumitted, do not Become Free, by Whom This is Done; and on the Law of Ælia Sentia.)Dig. 40,10De iure aureorum anulorum (Concerning the Right to Wear a Gold Ring.)Dig. 40,11De natalibus restituendis (Concerning the Restitution of the Rights of Birth.)Dig. 40,12De liberali causa (Concerning Actions Relating to Freedom.)Dig. 40,13Quibus ad libertatem proclamare non licet (Concerning Those Who are Not Permitted to Demand Their Freedom.)Dig. 40,14Si ingenuus esse dicetur (Where Anyone is Decided to be Freeborn.)Dig. 40,15Ne de statu defunctorum post quinquennium quaeratur (No Question as to the Condition of Deceased Persons Shall be Raised After Five Years Have Elapsed After Their Death.)Dig. 40,16De collusione detegenda (Concerning the Detection of Collusion.)
Dig. 43,1De interdictis sive extraordinariis actionibus, quae pro his competunt (Concerning Interdicts or the Extraordinary Proceedings to Which They Give Rise.)Dig. 43,2Quorum bonorum (Concerning the Interdict Quorum Bonorum.)Dig. 43,3Quod legatorum (Concerning the Interdict Quod Legatorum.)Dig. 43,4Ne vis fiat ei, qui in possessionem missus erit (Concerning the Interdict Which Prohibits Violence Being Employed Against a Person Placed in Possession.)Dig. 43,5De tabulis exhibendis (Concerning the Production of Papers Relating to a Will.)Dig. 43,6Ne quid in loco sacro fiat (Concerning the Interdict for the Purpose of Preventing Anything Being Done in a Sacred Place.)Dig. 43,7De locis et itineribus publicis (Concerning the Interdict Relating to Public Places and Highways.)Dig. 43,8Ne quid in loco publico vel itinere fiat (Concerning the Interdict Forbidding Anything to be Done in a Public Place or on a Highway.)Dig. 43,9De loco publico fruendo (Concerning the Edict Relating to the Enjoyment of a Public Place.)Dig. 43,10De via publica et si quid in ea factum esse dicatur (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Public Streets and Anything Done Therein.)Dig. 43,11De via publica et itinere publico reficiendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Repairs of Public Streets and Highways.)Dig. 43,12De fluminibus. ne quid in flumine publico ripave eius fiat, quo peius navigetur (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Rivers and the Prevention of Anything Being Done in Them or on Their Banks Which May Interfere With Navigation.)Dig. 43,13Ne quid in flumine publico fiat, quo aliter aqua fluat, atque uti priore aestate fluxit (Concerning the Interdict to Prevent Anything From Being Built in a Public River or on Its Bank Which Might Cause the Water to Flow in a Different Direction Than it did During the Preceding Summer.)Dig. 43,14Ut in flumine publico navigare liceat (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Use of a Public River for Navigation.)Dig. 43,15De ripa munienda (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Raising the Banks of Streams.)Dig. 43,16De vi et de vi armata (Concerning the Interdict Against Violence and Armed Force.)Dig. 43,17Uti possidetis (Concerning the Interdict Uti Possidetis.)Dig. 43,18De superficiebus (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Surface of the Land.)Dig. 43,19De itinere actuque privato (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Private Rights of Way.)Dig. 43,20De aqua cottidiana et aestiva (Concerning the Edict Which Has Reference to Water Used Every Day and to Such as is Only Used During the Summer.)Dig. 43,21De rivis (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to Conduits.)Dig. 43,22De fonte (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Springs.)Dig. 43,23De cloacis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Sewers.)Dig. 43,24Quod vi aut clam (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to Works Undertaken by Violence or Clandestinely.)Dig. 43,25De remissionibus (Concerning the Withdrawal of Opposition.)Dig. 43,26De precario (Concerning Precarious Tenures.)Dig. 43,27De arboribus caedendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Cutting of Trees.)Dig. 43,28De glande legenda (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Gathering of Fruit Which Has Fallen From the Premises of One Person Upon Those of Another.)Dig. 43,29De homine libero exhibendo (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of a Person Who Is Free.)Dig. 43,30De liberis exhibendis, item ducendis (Concerning the Interdict Which Has Reference to the Production of Children and Their Recovery.)Dig. 43,31Utrubi (Concerning the Interdict Utrubi.)Dig. 43,32De migrando (Concerning the Interdict Having Reference to the Removal of Tenants.)Dig. 43,33De Salviano interdicto (Concerning the Salvian Interdict.)
Dig. 47,1De privatis delictis (Concerning Private Offences.)Dig. 47,2De furtis (Concerning Thefts.)Dig. 47,3De tigno iuncto (Concerning the Theft of Timbers Joined to a Building.)Dig. 47,4Si is, qui testamento liber esse iussus erit, post mortem domini ante aditam hereditatem subripuisse aut corrupisse quid dicetur (Where Anyone Who is Ordered to be Free by the Terms of a Will, After the Death of His Master and Before the Estate is Entered Upon, is Said to Have Stolen or Spoiled Something.)Dig. 47,5Furti adversus nautas caupones stabularios (Concerning Theft Committed Against Captains of Vessels, Innkeepers, and Landlords.)Dig. 47,6Si familia furtum fecisse dicetur (Concerning Thefts Alleged to Have Been Made by an Entire Body of Slaves.)Dig. 47,7Arborum furtim caesarum (Concerning Trees Cut Down by Stealth.)Dig. 47,8Vi bonorum raptorum et de turba (Concerning the Robbery of Property by Violence, and Disorderly Assemblages.)Dig. 47,9De incendio ruina naufragio rate nave expugnata (Concerning Fire, Destruction, and Shipwreck, Where a Boat or a Ship is Taken by Force.)Dig. 47,10De iniuriis et famosis libellis (Concerning Injuries and Infamous Libels.)Dig. 47,11De extraordinariis criminibus (Concerning the Arbitrary Punishment of Crime.)Dig. 47,12De sepulchro violato (Concerning the Violation of Sepulchres.)Dig. 47,13De concussione (Concerning Extortion.)Dig. 47,14De abigeis (Concerning Those Who Steal Cattle.)Dig. 47,15De praevaricatione (Concerning Prevarication.)Dig. 47,16De receptatoribus (Concerning Those Who Harbor Criminals.)Dig. 47,17De furibus balneariis (Concerning Thieves Who Steal in Baths.)Dig. 47,18De effractoribus et expilatoribus (Concerning Those Who Break Out of Prison, and Plunderers.)Dig. 47,19Expilatae hereditatis (Concerning the Spoliation of Estates.)Dig. 47,20Stellionatus (Concerning Stellionatus.)Dig. 47,21De termino moto (Concerning the Removal of Boundaries.)Dig. 47,22De collegiis et corporibus (Concerning Associations and Corporations.)Dig. 47,23De popularibus actionibus (Concerning Popular Actions.)
Dig. 48,1De publicis iudiciis (On Criminal Prosecutions.)Dig. 48,2De accusationibus et inscriptionibus (Concerning Accusations and Inscriptions.)Dig. 48,3De custodia et exhibitione reorum (Concerning the Custody and Appearance of Defendants in Criminal Cases.)Dig. 48,4Ad legem Iuliam maiestatis (On the Julian Law Relating to the Crime of Lese Majesty.)Dig. 48,5Ad legem Iuliam de adulteriis coercendis (Concerning the Julian Law for the Punishment of Adultery.)Dig. 48,6Ad legem Iuliam de vi publica (Concerning the Julian Law on Public Violence.)Dig. 48,7Ad legem Iuliam de vi privata (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Private Violence.)Dig. 48,8Ad legem Corneliam de siccariis et veneficis (Concerning the Cornelian Law Relating to Assassins and Poisoners.)Dig. 48,9De lege Pompeia de parricidiis (Concerning the Pompeian Law on Parricides.)Dig. 48,10De lege Cornelia de falsis et de senatus consulto Liboniano (Concerning the Cornelian Law on Deceit and the Libonian Decree of the Senate.)Dig. 48,11De lege Iulia repetundarum (Concerning the Julian Law on Extortion.)Dig. 48,12De lege Iulia de annona (Concerning the Julian Law on Provisions.)Dig. 48,13Ad legem Iuliam peculatus et de sacrilegis et de residuis (Concerning the Julian Law Relating to Peculation, Sacrilege, and Balances.)Dig. 48,14De lege Iulia ambitus (Concerning the Julian Law With Reference to the Unlawful Seeking of Office.)Dig. 48,15De lege Fabia de plagiariis (Concerning the Favian Law With Reference to Kidnappers.)Dig. 48,16Ad senatus consultum Turpillianum et de abolitionibus criminum (Concerning the Turpillian Decree of the Senate and the Dismissal of Charges.)Dig. 48,17De requirendis vel absentibus damnandis (Concerning the Conviction of Persons Who Are Sought For or Are Absent.)Dig. 48,18De quaestionibus (Concerning Torture.)Dig. 48,19De poenis (Concerning Punishments.)Dig. 48,20De bonis damnatorum (Concerning the Property of Persons Who Have Been Convicted.)Dig. 48,21De bonis eorum, qui ante sententiam vel mortem sibi consciverunt vel accusatorem corruperunt (Concerning the Property of Those Who Have Either Killed Themselves or Corrupted Their Accusers Before Judgment Has Been Rendered.)Dig. 48,22De interdictis et relegatis et deportatis (Concerning Persons Who Are Interdicted, Relegated, and Deported.)Dig. 48,23De sententiam passis et restitutis (Concerning Persons Upon Whom Sentence Has Been Passed and Who Have Been Restored to Their Rights.)Dig. 48,24De cadaveribus punitorum (Concerning the Corpses of Persons Who Are Punished.)
Dig. 49,1De appellationibus et relegationibus (On Appeals and Reports.)Dig. 49,2A quibus appellari non licet (From What Persons It Is Not Permitted to Appeal.)Dig. 49,3Quis a quo appelletur (To Whom and From Whom an Appeal Can be Taken.)Dig. 49,4Quando appellandum sit et intra quae tempora (When an Appeal Should be Taken, and Within What Time.)Dig. 49,5De appellationibus recipiendis vel non (Concerning the Acceptance or Rejection of Appeals.)Dig. 49,6De libellis dimissoriis, qui apostoli dicuntur (Concerning Notices of Appeal Called Dispatches.)Dig. 49,7Nihil innovari appellatione interposita (No Change Shall be Made After the Appeal Has Been Interposed.)Dig. 49,8Quae sententiae sine appellatione rescindantur (What Decisions Can be Rescinded Without an Appeal.)Dig. 49,9An per alium causae appellationum reddi possunt (Whether the Reasons for an Appeal Can be Presented by Another.)Dig. 49,10Si tutor vel curator magistratusve creatus appellaverit (Where a Guardian, a Curator, or a Magistrate Having Been Appointed, Appeals.)Dig. 49,11Eum qui appellaverit in provincia defendi (He Who Appeals Should Be Defended in His Own Province.)Dig. 49,12Apud eum, a quo appellatur, aliam causam agere compellendum (Where a Party Litigant is Compelled to Bring Another Action Before the Judge From Whose Decision He Has Already Appealed.)Dig. 49,13Si pendente appellatione mors intervenerit (If Death Should Occur While an Appeal is Pending.)Dig. 49,14De iure fisci (Concerning the Rights of the Treasury.)Dig. 49,15De captivis et de postliminio et redemptis ab hostibus (Concerning Captives, the Right of Postliminium, and Persons Ransomed From the Enemy.)Dig. 49,16De re militari (Concerning Military Affairs.)Dig. 49,17De castrensi peculio (Concerning Castrense Peculium.)Dig. 49,18De veteranis (Concerning Veterans.)

Dig. 30,34Ulpianus libro vicesimo primo ad Sabinum. Plane ubi transferre voluit legatum in novissimum, priori non debebitur, tametsi novissimus talis sit, in cuius persona legatum non constitit. at si coniuncti disiunctive commixti sint, coniuncti unius personae potestate funguntur. 1Si eadem res saepius legetur in eodem testamento, amplius quam semel peti non potest sufficitque vel rem consequi vel rei aestimationem. 2Sed si duorum testamentis mihi eadem res legata sit, bis petere potero, ut ex altero testamento rem consequar, ex altero aestimationem. 3Sed si non corpus sit legatum, sed quantitas eadem in eodem testamento saepius, divus Pius rescripsit tunc saepius praestandam summam, si evidentissimis probationibus ostendatur testatorem multiplicasse legatum voluisse: idemque et in fideicommisso constituit. eiusque rei ratio evidens est, quod eadem res saepius praestari non potest, eadem summa volente testatore multiplicari potest. 4Sed hoc ita erit accipiendum, si non certum corpus nummorum saepius sit relictum, ut puta centum, quae in arca habet, saepius legavit: tunc enim fundo legato esse comparandum credo. 5Sed si pondus auri vel argenti saepius sit relictum, Papinianus respondit magis summae legato comparandum, merito, quoniam non species certa relicta videatur. 6Proinde et si quid aliud est quod pondere numero mensura continetur saepius relictum, idem erit dicendum, id est saepius deberi, si hoc testator voluerit. 7Quod si rem emissem mihi legatam, usque ad pretium quod mihi abest competet mihi ex testamento actio. 8Et multo magis hoc dicendum est, si duobus testamentis mihi eadem res legata sit, sed alter me restituere rogaverit vel ipsam rem vel aliud pro ea, aut si sub condicione legasset dandi quid pro ea: nam hactenus mihi abesse res videtur, quatenus sum praestaturus. 9Si coniunctim res legetur, constat partes ab initio fieri. nec solum hi partem faciunt, in quorum persona constitit legatum, verum hi quoque, in quorum persona non constitit legatum, ut puta si Titio et servo proprio sine libertate. 10Sed si in pupillari testamento alii eandem legaverit, quam mihi in suo testamento legavit, Iulianus scribit concursu partes nos habere: interim igitur partem habebit is, cui in suo testamento legavit. 11Si duobus sit legata, quorum alter heres institutus sit, a semet ipso ei legatum inutiliter videtur, ideoque quod ei a se legatum est ad collegatarium pertinebit. 12Inde dicitur, si duo sint heredes, unus ex uncia, alter ex undecim unciis, et eis fundus legatus sit, unciarium heredem undecim partes in fundo habiturum, coheredem unciam. 13Plane si alter ex legatariis heres extiterit heredi, a quo legatum erat relictum, non ideo minus partem collegatario faciet: retinet enim pro parte legatum. 14Si ita Titio legetur: ‘fundum Seianum vel usum fructum eius sibi habeto’, duo esse legata et arbitrio eius esse, an velit usum fructum vindicare. 15Sed et si quis ita leget Titio: ‘fundum do lego, ut eum pro parte habeat’, mihi videtur posse dici partem habiturum: videri enim fundi appellatione non totum fundum, sed partem appellasse: nam et pars fundi fundus recte appellatur.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXI. It is evident that where the testator intended to transfer the legacy to another party, it will not be due to the first one named, even if the last mentioned is not capable of receiving it. If, however, the legatees were joint, or, being originally several, have afterwards been united, all of them together are classed as one and the same person. 1Where the same property is bequeathed several times by the game will, it cannot be claimed more than once; and it is sufficient if the property itself, or the value of the same, is acquired. 2Where the same property is bequeathed to me by the wills of two persons, I can demand it twice, and obtain the property by virtue of one of the wills, and the estimated value of the same by virtue of the other. 3Where no certain article is bequeathed, but a specified sum is mentioned several times in the same will, the Divine Pius stated in a Rescript that the heir must pay the said sum several times, if it is established by perfectly conclusive evidence that the testator intended to multiply the legacy. The same rule has also been laid down by him with reference to a trust. The reason of this is evident, for as the identical thing cannot be delivered more than once, the same sum can be multiplied, if this should be the intention of the testator. 4This, however, ought only to be understood to be applicable where a certain amount of money should be left several times by the testator; as, for instance, a hundred aurei, which he has in his chest; for then I believe that it should be compared to the bequest of a tract of land. 5Where, however, a certain weight of gold or of silver has been left, Papinianus is of the opinion that it should rather be compared to the bequest of a sum of money, as no certain kind of property appears to have been bequeathed. 6Hence, if anything else which can be weighed, counted or measured has been left several times, it must be said that the same rule will apply; that is to say, it will be due several times, if such was the intention of the testator. 7If, however, I should purchase the property bequeathed to me, an action under the will will lie in my favor for the amount of the price which I have paid. 8And, with much more reason can this be said, where the same property is bequeathed to me by the wills of two different persons, but where one asked me to surrender the property itself to another, or something else in its stead; or where it was bequeathed under the condition of giving something in place of it; for I am considered to have been deprived of the property to the amount which I am compelled to Pay in order to obtain it. 9Where the property is bequeathed to several persons conjointly, it is settled that it is divided into shares from the beginning. The legatees have not only the right to a division in proportion to the number of persons to whom the legacy was left, but also those who are not entitled to it; as, for instance, where a bequest was made to Titius and to his slave, without granting the latter his freedom. 10Where a testator, by a will made while his son is under the age of puberty, bequeaths the same property to another which he had already left to me by will, Julianus says that the parties do not take the property concurrently. Therefore, in the meantime, he to whom the property has been bequeathed by the will of the father will be entitled to his share. 11Ad Dig. 30,34,11Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. III, § 627, Note 8.Where the same property is bequeathed to two persons, one of whom is appointed heir, if the latter is charged with the payment of part of the legacy to himself, it will be held to be, to this extent, invalid; and therefore, the share with which he was charged in his own favor will belong to his co-legatees. 12Ad Dig. 30,34,12Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. III, § 627, Note 8.Hence, it must be said that where there are two heirs, one of whom is appointed for one-twelfth, and the other for eleven-twelfths of the estate, and a tract of land is bequeathed to them; one of the heirs will be entitled to eleven-twelfths of the land, and his co-heir to one-twelfth of the same. 13It is clear that if one of the legatees becomes the heir of the party charged with the payment of the legacy, this will render his coheir none the less entitled to half of it, for he will retain his share of the legacy in the same proportion. 14If a bequest is made to Titius in the following terms: “Let him have the Seian Estate, or the usufruct of the same for himself,” there are two legacies, and it is at the option of the legatee whether or not he will only claim the usufruct. 15Where anyone makes a bequest as follows: “I do give and bequeath to Titius a certain tract of land, which he can have for his share,” it seems to me that it can be said that he will be entitled to half of it; for it is held that by the mention of the land he did not refer to the entire tract, but to a part of the same, for a part is also properly designated a tract.

Dig. 30,37Ulpianus libro vicesimo primo ad Sabinum. Legato generaliter relicto, veluti hominis, Gaius Cassius scribit id esse observandum, ne optimus vel pessimus accipiatur: quae sententia rescripto imperatoris nostri et divi Severi iuvatur, qui rescripserunt homine legato actorem non posse eligi. 1Si de certo fundo sensit testator nec appareat de quo cogitavit, electio heredis erit, quem velit dare: aut si appareat, ipse fundus vindicabitur. sed et si lancem legaverit nec appareat quam, aeque electio est heredis, quam velit dare.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXI. Where property has been bequeathed in general terms, as, for example, a slave, Gaius Cassius says that care should be taken that neither the best nor the worst slave should be received by the legatee. This opinion is confirmed by a Rescript of our Emperor and the Divine Severus, who decreed that where a slave was bequeathed, the one who transacted the business of his master could not be selected. 1Where a testator had in mind a certain tract of land, and it is not apparent what his intention was with reference to it, the heir shall have the choice to give the tract which he prefers; or if the intention of the testator is clear, the tract itself can be claimed by the legatee. Again, if he bequeathed a piece of silver plate, and it is not clear which one he meant, the heir will also have the choice to give the one that he wishes.

Dig. 30,39Ulpianus libro vicesimo primo ad Sabinum. Cum servus legatus in fuga esset vel longinquo absens exigatur, operam praestare heres debet, ut eam rem requirat et praestet, et ita Iulianus scribit. nam et sumptum an in hanc rem facere heres deberet, Africanus libro vicesimo epistularum apud Iulianum quaerit putatque sumptum praestandum, quod et ego arbitror sequendum. 1Fructus autem hi deducuntur in petitionem, non quos heres percepit, sed quos legatarius percipere potuit: et id in operis servorum vel vecturis iumentorum vel naulis navium dicendum. quod in fructibus dicitur, hoc et in pensionibus urbanorum aedificiorum intellegendum erit. in usurarum autem quantitate mos regionis erit sequendus: iudex igitur usurarum modum aestimabit et statuet. ipsius quoque rei interitum post moram debet, sicut in stipulatione, si post moram res interierit, aestimatio eius praestatur. item partus ancillarum et, si servus fuerit legatus, et hereditas vel legatum vel quid per eum adquisitum sit heres praestare debet. 2Si Titius a me rem emisset et eandem mihi legasset antequam ei traderem, mox ei tradidero et pretium recepero, videtur quidem is prima facie rem mihi meam legasse et ideo legatum non consistere. sed ex empto actione liberatus utique per legatum rem vindicare potero quam tradidi. sed si nondum erat solutum mihi pretium, Iulianus scribit ex vendito quidem me acturum, ut pretium exsequar, ex testamento vero, ut rem quam vendidi et tradidi recipiam. idem subiungit, si pretium quidem mihi erat solutum, rem autem nondum tradideram, ex testamento me agentem liberationem consequi. 3Idem Iulianus scribit, si fundum testator, quem ab alio emerat, mihi legavit, heredem cogendum mihi actionem ex empto praestare, scilicet si nondum res tradita fuerit vel defuncto vel heredi. 4Si quis alicui legaverit licere lapidem caedere, quaesitum est, an etiam ad heredem hoc legatum transeat. et Marcellus negat ad heredem transmitti, nisi nomen heredis adiectum legato fuerit. 5Heres cogitur legati praedii solvere vectigal praeteritum vel tributum vel solarium vel cloacarium vel pro aquae forma. 6Scio ex facto tractatum, cum quidam duos fundos eiusdem nominis habens legasset fundum Cornelianum et esset alter pretii maioris, alter minoris et heres diceret minorem legatum, legatarius maiorem: volgo fatebitur utique minorem eum legasse, si maiorem non potuerit docere legatarius. 7Constat etiam res alienas legari posse, utique si parari possint, etiamsi difficilis earum paratio sit. 8Si vero Sallustianos hortos, qui sunt Augusti, vel fundum Albanum, qui principalibus usibus deservit, legaverit quis, furiosi est talia legata testamento adscribere, 9Item campum Martium aut forum Romanum vel aedem sacram legari non posse constat. 10Sed et ea praedia Caesaris, quae in formam patrimonii redacta sub procuratore patrimonii sunt, si legentur, nec aestimatio eorum debet praestari, quoniam commercium eorum nisi iussu principis non sit, cum distrahi non soleant.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXI. Where a slave who has been bequeathed is in flight, or is absent in a distant country, the heir must exert himself to recover the property and deliver it. This also was stated by Julianus, for Africanus states in the Twentieth of his Letters on Julianus that, if the heir is compelled to incur any expense in this matter, he thinks that he should do so; and I hold that his opinion should be adopted. 1The profits of the property should also be deducted in making the claim for the legacy, not only those, however, which the heir may have collected, but also such as the legatee could have collected; and this rule also applies not only to the labor of slaves, but also to the work of animals, as well as transportation by vessels. What has been stated with reference to profits must also be understood to apply to the rents of houses in cities. With respect to the rate of interest on money, the custom of the country must be followed, and therefore the court must make an estimate and fix the rate of interest. Moreover, if the heir is in default, he will also be liable for the destruction of the property, and its value must be paid; just as this is done in a stipulation where the property is lost after the party is in default. This rule also applies to the offspring of female slaves. Where a slave is bequeathed, the heir will be bound to surrender everything which he has acquired by means of said slave, whether it be an estate, a legacy, or anything else. 2If Titius should purchase property from me, and bequeath it to me before I deliver it to him, and then I deliver it and receive the price for the same; he is considered at first sight to have bequeathed it to me, and hence the legacy is void. But, as I am released from liability to an action on purchase, I can bring an action to recover the property which I delivered on the ground of its being a legacy. Still, if the price has not yet been paid to me, Julianus says that I am entitled to an action on sale to recover the price, and that, in addition, a suit under the will to recover the property which I sold and delivered will lie. He also adds that if the price had been paid to me, but I had not yet delivered the property, I would be free from liability on account of the right of action to which I would be entitled by virtue of the will. 3Julianus likewise stated that if the testator should devise to me a tract of land which he had purchased from someone else, the heir would be compelled to transfer to me the right of action to which he was entitled on account of the purchase; provided the property had not yet been delivered either to the deceased, or to his heir. 4Where anyone makes a bequest to another of the right to quarry stone on his premises, the question arises whether this legacy also passes to his heir. Marcellus denies that it does pass to his heir, unless the name of the latter was mentioned in the bequest. 5Ad Dig. 30,39,5Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. I, § 220, Note 6.The heir is compelled to pay any taxes or tributes assessed on the land which was bequeathed, for sun-dials or for sewers, or for the right to conduct water. 6I know that the following case has been discussed. A certain person, who had two tracts of land bearing the same name, bequeathed the Cornelian Estate, and of the two thus designated one was of greater value than the other. The heir claimed that the least valuable one was bequeathed, and the legatee asserted that it was the one of greater value which was intended. It is generally understood that the one of lesser value was bequeathed, if the legatee should not be able to prove that the more valuable one was meant by the testator. 7It is established that even property belonging to another can be bequeathed, provided it can be obtained, even if its acquirement should be difficult. 8If, however, anyone should bequeath the gardens of Sallust which belonged to Augustus, or the Alban Estate which is set apart for the use of the Imperial household, he would be considered insane for having made such a bequest in his will. 9It is also established that the Campus Martius, or the Roman Forum, or any sacred building cannot be devised. 10If, however, lands belonging to the Emperor, and forming part of the Imperial domain or under the superintendence of the Imperial Steward, are devised, their appraised value will not have to be paid by the heir, as any commercial disposal of them cannot take place, except by order of the Emperor, as they are not to be sold.

Dig. 30,41Idem libro vicesimo primo ad Sabinum. Cetera igitur praeter haec videamus. et quidem corpora legari omnia et iura et servitutes possunt. 1Sed ea quae aedibus iuncta sunt legari non possunt, quia haec legari non posse senatus censuit Aviola et Pansa consulibus. 2Tractari tamen poterit, si quando marmora vel columnae fuerint separatae ab aedibus, an legatum convalescat. et si quidem ab initio non constitit legatum, ex post facto non convalescet, quemadmodum nec res mea legata mihi, si post testamentum factum fuerit alienata, quia vires ab initio legatum non habuit. sed si sub condicione legetur, poterit legatum valere, si exsistentis condicionis tempore mea non sit vel aedibus iuncta non sit, secundum eos, qui et emi rem meam sub condicione et promitti mihi stipulanti et legari aiunt. purum igitur legatum Catoniana regula impediet, condicionale non, quia ad condicionalia Catoniana non pertinet. 3Item quaeri potest, si quis binas aedes habens alteras legaverit et ex alteris aliquid iunctum ei cui aedes legavit, an legatum valebit? movet quaestionem, quod ex senatus consulto et constitutionibus licet nobis ab aedibus nostris in alias aedes transferre possessoribus earum futuris, id est non distracturis: et ita imperator noster et divus Severus rescripserunt. numquid ergo et legari possit ei, cui aliam domum legem? sed negandum erit, quia cui legatum est non est possessor futurus. 4Si duobus domum legaverit Sempronianam et ex ea alteri eorum marmora ad exstructionem domus Seianae quam ei legaverat, non male agitabitur, an valeat, quia dominus est utriusque legatarius. et quid si quis domum deductis marmoribus legaverit, quae voluit heredem habere ad exstruendam domum, quam retinebat in hereditate? sed melius dicetur in utroque detractionem non valere: legatum tamen valebit, ut aestimatio eorum praestetur. 5Sed si quis ad opus rei publicae faciendum legavit, puto valere legatum: nam et Papinianus libro undecimo responsorum refert imperatorem nostrum et divum Severum constituisse eos, qui rei publicae ad opus promiserint, posse detrahere ex aedibus suis urbanis atque rusticis et id ad opus uti, quia hi quoque non promercii causa id haberent. sed videamus, utrum ei soli civitati legari possit, in cuius territorio est, an et de alia civitate in aliam transferre possit. et puto non esse permittendum, quamquam constitutum sit, ut de domu, quam aliquis habet, ei permittatur in domum alterius civitatis transferre. 6Hoc senatus consultum non tantum ad urbem, sed et ad alias civitates pertinet. 7Sed et divorum fratrum est rescriptum ad libellum Procliani et Epitynchani ob debitum publicum desiderantium ut sibi distrahere permittatur, quod eis ius distrahendi denegaverunt. 8Hoc senatus consultum non tantum ad aedes, sed et ad balinea vel aliud quod aedificium vel porticus sine aedibus vel tabernas vel popinas extenditur. 9Item hoc prohibetur haec legari, quod non alias praestari potest, quam ut aedibus detrahatur subducatur, id est marmora, vel columnae. idem et in tegulis et in tignis et ostiis senatus censuit: sed et in bibliothecis parietibus inhaerentibus. 10Sed si cancelli sint vel vela, legari poterunt, non tamen fistulae vel castelli. 11Sed automataria aut siquis canthari, per quos aquae saliunt, poterunt legari, maxime si impositicii sint. 12Quid ergo in statuis dicendum? si quidem inhaerent parietibus, non licebit, si vero alias exsistant, dubitari potest: verum mens senatus plenius accipienda est, ut si qua ibi fuerunt perpetua, quasi portio aedium distrahi non possint. 13Proinde dicendum est nec tabulas adfixas et parietibus adiunctas vel singula sigilla adaequata legari posse. 14Sed si paravit quaedam testator quasi translaturus in aliam domum et haec legavit, dubitari poterit, an valeat: et puto valere. 15Sed si ea quae legavit aedibus iunxit, extinctum erit legatum. 16Sed si heres ea iunxit, puto non exstingui,

The Same, On Sabinus, Book XXI. Now let us examine some other things in addition to what has been mentioned, and in fact all corporeal property, as well as rights and servitudes can be bequeathed. 1Property, however, which is joined to buildings cannot be disposed of by will, because the Senate, during the Consulship of Aviola and Pansa, decreed that this could not be done. 2Still, the question may be raised where pieces of marble or columns have been separated from buildings, whether the legacy does not become valid. And, indeed, if it was not valid from the beginning, it cannot become so subsequently, just as where property of mine was bequeathed to me and alienated after the will had been made, because the legacy had no force or effect in the beginning; but if it was bequeathed under a condition, the legacy can become valid, if, at the time when the condition was fulfilled, the property does not belong to me, or is no longer joined to the building; in accordance with the opinion of those who hold that I can purchase my own property under A condition, and that I can also promise it and bequeath it conditionally. Hence, the rule of Cato stands in the way of an absolute legacy left under such circumstances, but is not opposed to a conditional one; because it does not have reference to conditional bequests of this kind. 3It may also be asked whether the legacy will be valid where a party has two houses and devises one of them, and also leaves him to whom he devised the house something which was joined to the other. This question arises from the fact that we are permitted by the Decree Of the Senate and the Imperial Constitutions to transfer to one house property from another of which we are to remain in possession, that is to say, which is not to be sold. This Our Emperor and the Divine Severus stated in a Rescript. Therefore cannot I devise property attached to one house to the person to whom I have devised the other? This will be denied, for the reason that the party to whom the property is bequeathed will not be the future possessor of the same. 4Where a testator leaves the Sempronian House to two persons, and bequeaths to one of them the marble which is in it, for the erection of the Seian House, which he devised to him, it may not unreasonably be asked whether such a bequest will be valid, for the reason that the legatee is the owner of both houses. What would be the case if a person should devise a house, after excepting the marble which he wished the heir to have for the purpose of building another house which still remained a part of the estate. The better opinion may be said to be that the exception will be void in either instance, but the legacy will be valid, and the appraised value of the property must be paid. 5If, however, anyone bequeaths a legacy of this kind for the purpose of constructing some public work, I think that it will be valid; and Papinianus, in the Eleventh Book of Opinions, relates that our Emperor and the Divine Severus decided that those who promised to erect some public work can remove materials from their city and country houses, and use them with that design, because they do not remove them for commercial purposes. Let us, however, consider whether property can only be left to a city situated in the same territory, or whether it can be transferred elsewhere, to be used in some other city. I think that this should not be allowed, although it has been settled that materials can be taken from a house which a man owns and transported to another belonging to him in a different town. 6This Decree of the Senate has reference not only to Rome, but also to other cities. 7There is also a Rescript of the Divine Brothers extant which was issued in answer to a petition of Proclianus and Epitynchanus, which requested permission for the removal of property from their houses that they desired to sell for the purpose of discharging a public debt, and in which the right to sell said property was denied them. 8This Decree of the Senate applies to dwellings, as well as to baths and every other kind of buildings, such as porticoes, drinking houses, and restaurants. 9It is also forbidden by this decree to bequeath property which the legatee cannot deliver without detaching it from a building; that is to say, blocks of marble, or columns. The Senate decided that this also applied to tiles, to beams, and to doors, as well as to libraries attached to walls. 10If, however, the articles consist of lattices, or awnings, it can be bequeathed, but water mains and reservoirs are not included. 11Hydraulic machines, however, and pipes through which the water issues can be bequeathed, and especially if they are merely placed upon the real property. 12What then must be said with reference to statues? Where they are fastened to the walls it will not be lawful to remove them, but if they are separate, some doubt exists. The spirit of the Decree of the Senate must, however, be taken into consideration, and if the statues were placed in the house to remain there always, and as a portion of the same, they cannot be removed. 13Hence, it must be said that where pictures are attached to the walls, or small ornaments inserted into the latter, they cannot be bequeathed. 14Where, however, the testator had prepared certain ornaments for the purpose of removing them to another house, and bequeathed them, a doubt may arise as to whether the bequest is valid; and I think that it is. 15But when the testator fastens to his house the objects which he bequeathed, the legacy will be extinguished,

Dig. 30,43Idem libro vicesimo primo ad Sabinum. Senatus enim ea, quae non sunt aedium, legari permisit, haec autem mortis tempore aedium non fuerunt: heres ergo aestimationem praestabit. sed si detraxerit ut praestiterit, poenis erit locus, quamvis ut non vendat, detraxit, sed ut exsolvat. 1Marcellus etiam scribit, si maritus diaetam in uxoris hortis, quos in dotem acceperat, fecerit, posse eum haec detrahere, quae usui eius futura sint, sine mulieris tamen damno, nec ad hoc senatus consultum futurum impedimento. ergo si non est ei obfuturum, quo minus detrahat, dici oportebit posse eum haec legare, quae detrahere potest. 2Legatum in aliena voluntate poni potest, in heredis non potest. 3Qui ab hostibus redemptus est legari sibi poterit et proficiet legatum ad liberationem vinculi pignoris, quod in eo habuit qui redemit.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book XXI. The Senate, therefore, does not permit anything which is attached to a house to be separately bequeathed. But if any of these objects did not form part of the house at the time of the death of the testator, the heir must pay their appraised value. If he should detach them for the purpose of paying a legacy, he will be liable to the penalties prescribed, even though he removed them, not for the purpose of selling them, but in order to discharge his obligation. 1Marcellus also says that if a husband builds a summer-house in the garden of his wife, which he received by way of dowry, he can remove the same if he can make use of it himself, without, however, causing his wife any loss; and that the Decree of the Senate will offer no obstacle to his doing so. Therefore, if no injury is suffered by his wife, through the removal of the house, it must be held that he can dispose of it by will, since he can remove it. 2Ad Dig. 30,43,2Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. I, § 93, Note 5; Bd. III, § 633, Note 17.The bequest of a legacy can be made dependent upon the will of a third party, but not upon that of an heir. 3Where one person has ransomed another from the enemy, he can bequeath him to himself; and a legacy of this kind will cause his release from the obligation of the pledge which the party who ransomed him possessed.

Dig. 34,2,17Ulpianus libro vicesimo primo ad Sabinum. Si gemma ex anulo legetur vel aliae materiae iunctae vel emblemata, recte legantur et separantur et praestanda sunt.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXI. Where a jewel set in a ring, or any other ornaments or articles which are joined together are bequeathed, this is in accordance with law, and they should be separated and delivered to the legatee.

Dig. 34,3,1Ulpianus libro vicesimo primo ad Sabinum. Omnibus debitoribus ea quae debent recte legantur, licet domini eorum sint. 1Iulianus scripsit, si res pignori data legetur debitori a creditore, valere legatum habereque eum actionem, ut pignus recipiat, priusquam pecuniam solvat. sic autem loquitur Iulianus, quasi debitum non debeat lucrari: sed si alia testantis voluntas fuit, et ad hoc pervenietur exemplo luitionis.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book I. Obligations due from all kinds of debtors can be lawfully bequeathed to them, even though they may be the owners of said obligations. 1Julianus stated that if property which is pledged is bequeathed by a creditor to his debtor, the legacy will be valid, and the debtor will be entitled to an action to recover the pledge before he pays the money due. In this instance, Julianus seems to have had in his mind a case where the debtor would not profit by the transaction. Where, however, the intention of the testator was otherwise, he can be released from the obligation just as if he had paid the debt.

Dig. 36,2,9Idem libro vicensimo primo ad Sabinum. Si habitatio filio familias vel servo legata sit, puto non adquiri domino vel patri legatum, si ante aditam hereditatem filius vel servus decesserit: nam cum personae cohaereat, recte dicitur ante aditam hereditatem diem non cedere.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book XXI. Where a right of habitation is bequeathed to a son under paternal control, or to a slave, I do not think that the legacy will be acquired by the master or the father, if the son of the slave should die before the estate is accepted; for, as the legacy attaches to the person, it is very properly held that it does not take effect before the estate has been entered upon.

Dig. 45,3,4Idem libro vicensimo primo ad Sabinum. Si servus communis sibi et uni ex dominis stipuletur, perinde est, ac si omnibus dominis et uni ex his stipuletur, veluti Titio et Maevio, et Titio: et probabile est, ut Titio dodrans, Maevio quadrans debeatur.

The Same, On Sabinus, Book XXI. If a slave owned in common stipulates for himself and one of his masters, it is the same as if he stipulated for all his masters, and one of them; as, for example, if he stipulates for Titius and Mævius, and for Mævius, it may be held that three-fourths are due to Titius, and one-fourth to Mævius.

Dig. 50,4,2Ulpianus libro vicensimo primo ad Sabinum. Quod ad honores pertinet, creditur in potestate filium habere etiam is, qui in patris potestate est.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXI. If a son who is under the control of his father should himself have a son, he will be considered to be under his control, so far as municipal honors are concerned.

Dig. 50,17,16Ulpianus libro vicensimo primo ad Sabinum. Imaginaria venditio non est pretio accedente.

Ulpianus, On Sabinus, Book XXI. A sale is not fictitious when the price is agreed upon.