De publicis iudiciis libri
Ex libro I
Dig. 1,18,15Marcianus libro primo de iudiciis publicis. Illud observandum est, ne qui provinciam regit fines eius excedat nisi voti solvendi causa, dum tamen abnoctare ei non liceat.
Marcianus, On Criminal Trials, Book I. One thing must be observed, he who governs the province must not pass its boundaries unless for the purpose of fulfilling a vow; and, even then he must not spend a night outside.
Dig. 1,22,2Marcianus libro primo de iudiciis publicis. Liberti adsidere possunt. infames autem licet non prohibeantur legibus adsidere, attamen arbitror, ut aliquo quoque decreto principali refertur constitutum, non posse officio adsessoris fungi.
Marcianus, On Criminal Trials, Book I. Freedmen can act as assessors, and although persons who are infamous are not prohibited by law from doing so, still, I am of the opinion that they cannot perform the duties of an assessor; and, indeed, it is said that there is an Imperial Constitution extant upon this subject.
Dig. 48,1,9Marcianus libro primo de iudiciis publicis. Sciendum est, si in capitali causa suum servum reum crimine factum quis non defenderit, non eum pro derelicto haberi, et ideo, si absolutus fuerit, non liberum fieri, sed manere domini.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book I. It must be remembered that if anyone should not defend his own slave, when he is accused of a capital crime, he will not be considered as having abandoned him; and therefore if the slave should be acquitted, he will not become free, but will still remain the property of his master.
Dig. 48,2,13Marcianus libro primo de publicis iudiciis. Mulierem propter publicam utilitatem ad annonam pertinentem audiri a praefecto annonae deferentem divus Severus et Antoninus rescripserunt. famosi quoque accusantes sine ulla dubitatione admittuntur. milites quoque, qui causas alienas deferre non possunt, qui pro pace excubant, vel magis ad hanc accusationem admittendi sunt. servi quoque deferentes audiuntur.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book I. The Divine Severus and Antoninus stated in a Rescript that a woman should be heard by the Prefect of Subsistence on the ground of the public welfare, if she brought an accusation relating to the excessive price of provisions. There is no doubt that persons who have been rendered infamous should be permitted to institute proceedings of this kind. Soldiers, also, who cannot prosecute the cases of others, because they guard the peace, can all the more readily be permitted to bring this accusation. When slaves bring it, they should also be heard.
Dig. 48,5,29Marcianus libro primo de iudiciis publicis. Quod ex his causis debetur, per condictionem, quae ex lege descendit, petitur.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book I. Anything which may be due in these different cases can be recovered by a personal action derived from the law.
Dig. 48,5,34Marcianus libro primo de publicis iudiciis. Si quis adulterium a servo suo commissum dicat in eam, quam uxorem habuit, divus Pius rescripsit accusare potius mulierem eum debere, quam in praeiudicium eius servum suum torquere. 1Si quis adulterum non dimiserit, sed retinuerit, forsan filium in noverca vel etiam libertum vel servum in uxore, ex sententia legis tenetur, quamvis verbis non continetur. quae autem retinetur, punitur. sed si dimissam reduxerit, verbis non tenetur: sed tamen dicendum est, ut teneatur, ne fraus fiat. 2Si uxor ex adulterio viri praemium acceperit, lege Iulia quasi adultera tenetur.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book I. Where anyone alleges that adultery has been committed by his slave, with a woman whom he had for his wife, the Divine Pius stated in a Rescript that he must accuse the woman before subjecting his slave to torture to her prejudice. 1If anyone should not let an adulterer depart, but detains him, as, for instance, his son, accused of adultery with his stepmother, or his freedman, or slave accused with his wife, he is guilty, according to the spirit, but not according to the letter of the law. The woman, however, who is detained, shall be punished. If, however, having driven her away, he should bring her back, he is not guilty according to strict construction of the law, but he must still be considered liable in order to avoid the commission of fraud. 2If a woman receives the price of adultery committed by her husband, she will be punishable as an adulteress under the Julian Law.
Dig. 48,9,4Idem libro primo de publicis iudiciis. cum pater et mater sponsi sponsae socerorum, ut liberorum sponsi generorum appellatione continentur.
The Same, On Public Prosecutions, Book I. Just as the fathers and mothers of married persons are embraced in the designation fathers and mothers-in-law, so the husbands of the children are embraced in the term sons-in-law.
Dig. 48,10,11Marcianus libro primo de iudiciis publicis. Si pater filio suo militi, quem habet in potestate, testamento commilitonis filii aliquid adscripserit, quem conmilitonem in militia novit: quia patri non adquiritur, extra poenam est. et cum matri filius adscripserat, divi fratres rescripserunt, cum iussu testatoris hoc scripsit, impunitum eum esse matremque capere posse.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book I. If a father should write anything for the benefit of his son, who is a soldier, and under his control, and with whom he himself is serving, and he knows this to be the case, for the reason that nothing is acquired by the father, he will not be liable to punishment. Where a son had written a clause for the benefit of his mother, the Divine Brothers stated in a Rescript that as he had done this by order of the testator, he should go unpunished, and that his mother was entitled to the bequest.
Dig. 48,13,12Marcianus libro primo iudiciorum publicorum. Hac lege tenetur, qui in tabulis publicis minorem pecuniam, quam quid venierit aut locaverit, scripserit aliudve quid simile commiserit. 1Divus Severus et Antoninus quendam clarissimum iuvenem, cum inventus esset arculam in templum ponere ibique hominem includere, qui post clusum templum de arca exiret et de templo multa subtraheret et se in arculam iterum referret, convictum in insulam deportaverunt.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book I. He is liable under this law who enters upon the public registers a smaller amount than the proceeds of a sale or a lease, or who commits any other offence of this kind. 1The Divine Severus and Antoninus, having ascertained that a young man of very illustrious lineage had a small chest placed in a temple, and, after the temple was closed, emerged out of the chest and stole many things belonging to the temple, and afterwards again shut himself up in the chest, deported him to an island, after his conviction.
Dig. 48,15,3Marcianus libro primo iudiciorum publicorum. Legis Fabiae crimine suppressi mancipii bona fide possessor non tenetur, id est qui ignorabat servum alienum, et qui voluntate domini putabat id eum agere. et ita de bona fide possessore ipsa lex scripta est: nam adicitur ‘si sciens dolo malo hoc fecerit’: et saepissime a principibus Severo et Antonino constitutum est, ne bonae fidei possessores hac lege teneantur. 1Illud non est omittendum, quod exemplo legis Aquiliae, si is, propter quem quis in Fabiam commisit, decesserit, adhuc accusatio et poena legis Fabiae superest, ut et divus Severus et Antoninus rescripserunt.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book I. A bona fide possessor is not liable to the penalty imposed by the Favian Law for having wrongfully withheld a slave; that is to say, if he did not know that the slave belonged to another, or if he thought that he acted with the consent of his master. And the law itself is framed in this way with reference to a bona fide possessor, for there is added, “If he did this knowingly and fraudulently.” It has very frequently been decided by the Emperors Severus and Antoninus that bona fide possessors are not liable under this law. 1It should not be forgotten that, as under the Aquilian Law, if the person on whose account the Favian Law was violated should die, the accusation and the penalty prescribed by the Favian Law will continue to exist, as the Divine Severus and Antoninus stated in a Rescript.
Dig. 50,1,8Marcianus libro primo de iudiciis publicis. Non debere cogi decuriones vilius praestare frumentum civibus suis, quam annona exigit, divi fratres rescripserunt, et aliis quoque constitutionibus principalibus id cautum est.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book I. The Divine Brothers stated in a Rescript that decurions should not be forced to furnish grain to the people at a lower price than the supply of provisions demands; and this is also provided by other Imperial Constitutions.
Dig. 50,2,4Marcianus libro primo de iudiciis publicis. Decurio, qui prohibetur conducere quaedam, si iure successerit in conductione, remanet in ea. quod et in omnibus similibus servandum est.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book I. A decurion is forbidden to lease any property; if, however, he should succeed to a lease by inheritance, he can retain possession of it; and this rule should be observed in all similar cases.
Dig. 50,9,2Marcianus libro primo publicorum. Illa decreta, quae non legitimo numero decurionum coacto facta sunt, non valent.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book I. Decrees that are enacted without the lawful number of decurions being present are not valid.
Dig. 50,16,214Marcianus libro primo publicorum iudiciorum. ‘Munus’ proprie est, quod necessarie obimus lege more imperiove eius, qui iubendi habet potestatem. ‘dona’ autem proprie sunt, quae nulla necessitate iuris officiis et sponte praestantur: quae si non praestentur, nulla repraehensio est et, si praestentur, plerumque laus inest. sed in summa in hoc ventum est, ut non quodcumque munus, id et donum accipiatur, at quod donum fuerit, id munus recte dicatur.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book I. An “obligation,” properly speaking, is something which we are obliged to do according to law, custom, or the command of someone who has the right to order it to be done. Gifts, however, are, correctly speaking, things which we voluntarily give without being compelled to do so by either law or our duty; and if they are not given, no one can be blamed, and if they are given, the donor is generally entitled to praise. In a word, it has been decided that the two terms are not interchangeable, but that a gift may properly give rise to an obligation.
Ex libro II
Dig. 18,7,2Marcianus libro secundo publicorum. Exportandus si venierit ab Italia, in provincia morari potest, nisi specialiter prohibitum fuerit.
Marcianus, Public Affairs, Book II. Where a slave is sold on condition of his being removed from Italy, he can remain in a province unless this was expressly prohibited.
Dig. 37,15,4Marcianus libro secundo publicorum iudiciorum. Per procuratorem ingratum libertum posse argui divus Severus et Antoninus rescripserunt.
Marcianus, Public Decisions, Book II. The Divine Severus and Antoninus stated in a Rescript that an ungrateful freedman could be accused by the agent of his patron.
Dig. 47,16,1Marcianus libro secundo publicorum iudiciorum. Pessimum genus est receptatorum, sine quibus nemo latere diu potest: et praecipitur, ut perinde puniantur atque latrones. in pari causa habendi sunt, qui, cum adprehendere latrones possent, pecunia accepta vel subreptorum parte dimiserunt.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. The harborers of criminals constitute one of the worst classes of offenders, for without them no criminal could long remain concealed. The law directs that they shall be punished as robbers. They should be placed in the same class, because when they can seize robbers they permit them to go, after having received money or a part of the stolen goods.
Dig. 47,17,2Marcianus libro secundo iudiciorum publicorum. Sed si interdiu furtum fecerunt, ad ius ordinarium remittendi sunt.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. If they commit theft in the daytime, they should be tried in the ordinary way.
Dig. 47,19,3Marcianus libro secundo publicorum iudiciorum. Divus Severus et Antoninus rescripserunt electionem esse, utrum quis velit crimen expilatae hereditatis extra ordinem apud praefectum urbi vel apud praesides agere an hereditatem a possessoribus iure ordinario vindicare.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. The Divine Severus and Antoninus stated in a Rescript that anyone who desired to prosecute extraordinarily the crime of plundering an estate could do so either before the Prefect of the City or the Governor; or he could demand the estate from the possessors by the ordinary course of procedure.
Dig. 47,22,3Marcianus libro secundo iudiciorum publicorum. Collegia si qua fuerint illicita, mandatis et constitutionibus et senatus consultis dissolvuntur: sed permittitur eis, cum dissolvuntur, pecunias communes si quas habent dividere pecuniamque inter se partiri. 1In summa autem, nisi ex senatus consulti auctoritate vel Caesaris collegium vel quodcumque tale corpus coierit, contra senatus consultum et mandata et constitutiones collegium celebrat. 2Servos quoque licet in collegio tenuiorum recipi volentibus dominis, ut curatores horum corporum sciant, ne invito aut ignorante domino in collegium tenuiorum reciperent, et in futurum poena teneantur in singulos homines aureorum centum.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. Ad Dig. 47,22,3 pr.Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. I, § 62, Note 2.If associations are illegal, they will be dissolved by the terms of Imperial Mandates and Constitutions, and Decrees of the Senate. When they are dissolved, the members are permitted to divide among themselves the money or property owned in common, if there is any of this kind. 1In a word, unless an association or any body of this description assembles with the authority of the Decree of the Senate, or of the Emperor, this assembly is contrary to the provisions of the Decree of the Senate and the Imperial Mandates and Constitutions. 2It is also lawful for slaves to be admitted into associations of indigent persons, with the consent of their masters; and those who have charge of such societies are hereby notified that they cannot receive a slave into an association of indigent persons without the knowledge or consent of his master, and if they do, that they will be liable to a penalty of a hundred aurei for every slave admitted.
Dig. 48,3,6Marcianus libro secundo de iudiciis publicis. Divus Hadrianus Iulio Secundo ita rescripsit et alias rescriptum est non esse utique epistulis eorum credendum, qui quasi damnatos ad praesidem remiserint. idem de irenarchis praeceptum est, quia non omnes ex fide bona elogia scribere compertum est. 1Sed et caput mandatorum exstat, quod divus Pius, cum provinciae Asiae praeerat, sub edicto proposuit, ut irenarchae, cum adprehenderint latrones, interrogent eos de sociis et receptatoribus et interrogationes litteris inclusas atque obsignatas ad cognitionem magistratus mittant. igitur qui cum elogio mittuntur, ex integro audiendi sunt, etsi per litteras missi fuerint vel etiam per irenarchas perducti. sic et divus Pius et alii principes rescripserunt, ut etiam de his, qui requirendi adnotati sunt, non quasi pro damnatis, sed quasi re integra quaeratur, si quis erit qui eum arguat. et ideo cum quis ἀνάκρισιν faceret, iuberi oportet venire irenarchen et quod scripserit, exsequi: et si diligenter ac fideliter hoc fecerit, conlaudandum eum: si parum prudenter non exquisitis argumentis, simpliciter denotare irenarchen minus rettulisse: sed si quid maligne interrogasse aut non dicta rettulisse pro dictis eum compererit, ut vindicet in exemplum, ne quid et aliud postea tale facere moliatur.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book II. The Divine Hadrian, in a Rescript addressed to Julius Secundus, made the following statement: “It has elsewhere been set fort in a Rescript that no credit shall be given to the letters of those who send accused persons to the Governor of a province, as having already been convicted.” The same thing has been provided with reference to Irenarchs, because it has been ascertained that all persons do not bring charges against others in good faith. 1But a Section of the Imperial Mandate is extant in which the Divine Pius, at the time when he commanded in the province of Asia, published in the form of an Edict, that when Irenarchs apprehended thieves they should question them with reference to their accomplices and associates, and that they should forward the interrogatories, reduced to writing and sealed, for the examination of the magistrate. Therefore, those who are sent under such circumstances should again be heard, even though they had been despatched with letters, or brought in by the Irenarchs. Thus, the Divine Pius and the other Emperors stated in Rescripts that proceedings should be taken as in a preliminary inquiry, even with reference to those who had been accused but not yet condemned, if anyone appeared to accuse them. Hence when an accusation is made, the Irenarch is required to appear and prosecute the charge which he has committed to writing, and if he does so diligently and faithfully, his action should be approved; but if he produces his evidence with little skill, it should be simply noted that the Irenarch had rendered an insufficient report. If, however, it should be ascertained that he has put the questions maliciously, and has not reported the answers as they were given, an example should be made of him, in order that he may not afterwards attempt anything of the same kind.
Dig. 48,17,1Marcianus libro secundo publicorum. Divi Severi et Antonini magni rescriptum est, ne quis absens puniatur: et hoc iure utimur, ne absentes damnentur: neque enim inaudita causa quemquam damnari aequitatis ratio patitur. 1Si autem gravius quis puniatur, puta in opus metalli vel similem poenam sive capitalem: hoc casu non est irroganda in absentem poena, sed absens requirendus adnotatus est, ut copiam sui praestet. 2Praesides autem provinciarum circa requirendos adnotatos hoc debent facere, ut eos quos adnotaverint edictis adesse iubeant, ut possit innotescere eis quod adnotati sunt, sed et litteras ad magistratus, ubi consistunt, mittere, ut per eos possit innotescere requirendos eos esse adnotatos. 3Eex hoc annus computatur ad se purgandos. 4Sed et Papinianus libro sexto decimo responsorum scripsit requirendum adnotatum si provinciae praesidem intra annum adierit et satis obtulerit, non esse locum mandatis, ut bona fisco vindicentur. nam et si intra annum mortuus sit, criminis causa expirat et perit et bona eius ad successores transmittuntur.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. The Divine Severus and Antoninus stated in a Rescript that no one who is absent should be punished, and it is the present law that absent persons shall not be condemned; for the rule of equity does not suffer anyone to be convicted without being heard. 1If anyone is liable to severe punishment, for instance, if he may be condemned to labor in the mines, or to a similar penalty, or to a capital one, in this case the penalty must not be inflicted upon an absent person, but anyone who is absent and is sought for is recorded as being present. 2The Governors of provinces should follow this course with reference to defendants who are sought for, and noted as being present; namely, they should order them by Edicts to appear in order that those who have been mentioned as being present should become aware of the fact. They should also write to magistrates where the parties live, in order that, by their agency, those who are being sought for may ascertain that they have been recorded as being present. 3A year is computed from this date to enable them to purge themselves of contempt. 4And even Papinianus, in the Sixteenth Book of Opinions, says that he who is sought for, and noted as being present, must appear before the Governor of the province within twelve months, and furnish security; and that there is no reason to order that his property shall be confiscated to the Treasury, for if he should die within the year, the accusation of the crime will be extinguished, and come to an end, and the property of the party accused will be transmitted to his successors.
Dig. 48,17,3Marcianus libro secundo de publicis iudiciis. quamcumque enim quaestionem apud fiscum, si non alia sit propria praescriptio, viginti annorum silentio praescribi divi principes voluerunt.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book II. Any claim made by the Treasury is prescribed by a silence of twenty years, when there is no other prescription, as was established by the Divine Emperors.
Dig. 48,18,9Marcianus libro secundo de iudiciis publicis. Divus Pius rescripsit posse de servis haberi quaestionem in pecuniaria causa, si aliter veritas inveniri non possit. quod et aliis rescriptis cavetur. sed hoc ita est, ut non facile in re pecuniaria quaestio habeatur: sed si aliter veritas inveniri non possit nisi per tormenta, licet habere quaestionem, ut et divus Severus rescripsit. licet itaque et de servis alienis haberi quaestionem, si ita res suadeat. 1Ex quibus causis quaestio de servis adversus dominos haberi non debet, ex his causis ne quidem interrogationem valere: et multo minus indicia servorum contra dominos admittenda sunt. 2De eo, qui in insulam deportatus est, quaestio habenda non est, ut divus Pius rescripsit. 3Sed nec de statulibero in pecuniariis causis quaestio habenda est nisi deficiente condicione.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book II. The Divine Pius stated in a Rescript that torture could be inflicted upon slaves in cases where money was involved, if the truth could not otherwise be ascertained, which is also provided by other rescripts. This, however, is true to the extent that this expedient should not be resorted to in a pecuniary case, but only where the truth cannot be ascertained unless by the employment of torture is it lawful to make use of it, as the Divine Severus stated in a Rescript. Hence it is permitted to put the slaves of others to the question if the circumstances justify it. 1In cases in which torture should not be inflicted upon slaves to obtain evidence against their masters they cannot even be interrogated, and still less can the statements of slaves against their masters be admitted. 2Torture should not be inflicted upon one who is deported to an island, as the Divine Pius stated in a Rescript. 3Nor should it be inflicted, in a pecuniary case, upon a slave who is to be free under a condition, unless the condition fails to be fulfilled.
Dig. 48,19,11Marcianus libro secundo de publicis iudiciis. Perspiciendum est iudicanti, ne quid aut durius aut remissius constituatur, quam causa deposcit: nec enim aut severitatis aut clementiae gloria affectanda est, sed perpenso iudicio, prout quaeque res expostulat, statuendum est. plane in levioribus causis proniores ad lenitatem iudices esse debent, in gravioribus poenis severitatem legum cum aliquo temperamento benignitatis subsequi. 1Furta domestica si viliora sunt, publice vindicanda non sunt, nec admittenda est huiusmodi accusatio, cum servus a domino vel libertus a patrono, in cuius domo moratur, vel mercennarius ab eo, cui operas suas locaverat, offeratur quaestioni: nam domestica furta vocantur, quae servi dominis vel liberti patronis vel mercennarii apud quos degunt subripiunt. 2Delinquitur autem aut proposito aut impetu aut casu. proposito delinquunt latrones, qui factionem habent: impetu autem, cum per ebrietatem ad manus aut ad ferrum venitur: casu vero, cum in venando telum in feram missum hominem interfecit. 3Capitis poena est bestiis obici vel alias similes poenas pati vel animadverti.
Marcianus, On Public Prosecutions, Book II. It is the duty of the judge to be careful not to impose a sentence which is either more or less severe than the case demands; for neither a reputation for harshness, or the glory of clemency should be his aim; but, having carefully weighed the circumstances of the case, we should decide whatever the matter requires. It is clear that in cases of minor importance, judges should be inclined to lenity; and where heavier penalties are involved, while they must comply with the stern requirements of the laws, they should temper them with some degree of indulgence. 1Domestic thefts, if of trifling importance, should not be made the subject of public prosecutions; and an accusation of this kind ought not to be permitted when a slave is presented for trial by his master, or a freeman by his patron in whose house he lives, or a laborer by anyone who hires his services; for those are called domestic thefts which slaves commit against their masters, freedmen against their patrons, or hired laborers against those for whom they work. 2Moreover, a crime is committed either deliberately, or upon a sudden impulse, or by chance. Robbers commit a crime deliberately when they organize. Persons act by sudden impulse when they resort to violence, or to the use of weapons, through drunkenness. A crime is committed by chance, if one man kills another while hunting, when he aims a dart at a wild beast. 3To be thrown to wild beasts, or to suffer or be sentenced to similar punishments, are capital penalties.
Dig. 48,22,8Marcianus libro secundo publicorum. sed honore quidem illum arceri puto, ceterum impendia debere praestare.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. But I think that when he is deprived of the honor, he should be compelled to pay the expenses.
Dig. 48,22,10Marcianus libro secundo publicorum iudiciorum. nec tamen, ne necessarias impensas faciat.
Dig. 48,24,2Marcianus libro secundo publicorum. Si quis in insulam deportatus vel relegatus fuerit, poena etiam post mortem manet, nec licet eum inde transferre aliubi et sepelire inconsulto principe: ut saepissime Severus et Antoninus rescripserunt et multis petentibus hoc ipsum indulserunt.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. If anyone has been deported to an island or relegated, his punishment continues to exist even after his death, for it is not permitted for him to be taken elsewhere and buried, without the consent of the Emperor; as Severus and Antoninus repeatedly stated in Rescripts, and they frequently granted this as a favor to many persons who requested it.
Dig. 50,4,7Marcianus libro secundo publicorum. Reus delatus etiam ante sententiam honores petere principalibus constitutionibus prohibetur: nec interest, plebeius an decurio fuerit. sed post annum, quam reus delatus est, petere non prohibetur, nisi per ipsum stetit, quo minus causa intra annum expediretur. 1Eum, contra quem propter honores appellatum est, si pendente appellatione honorem usurpaverit, coercendum divus Severus rescripsit. ergo et si is, qui honoribus per sententiam uti prohibitus est, appellaverit, abstinere interim petitione honoris debebit.
Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. A person who has been accused of crime is forbidden by the Imperial Constitutions to aspire to municipal honors before his case has been decided. It makes no difference whether he is a plebeian or a decurion. He cannot, however, be prevented from accepting such an office after a year has elapsed from the time when he was accused, unless he is to blame for the case not having been heard during the year. 1The Divine Severus stated in a Rescript that when a man is elected a magistrate, and his opponent appeals, and while the appeal is pending he takes possession of the office, he should be punished. Therefore, if anyone who is prevented by a decision from obtaining municipal honors takes an appeal, he should, in the meantime, refrain from demanding the office.
Fragmenta incerta
Dig. 48,20,11Marcianus libro ..... de publicis iudiciis. Si quis damnatus appellaverit et pendente appellatione decesserit, bona eius non publicantur: nam ita posterius quoque testamentum eius ratum est. idem est et si appellatio non recepta est. 1Qui reus est non maiestatis, bona administrare potest et pecuniam credere debitamque sibi recipere, si bona fide debitores ei solvunt: in fraudem autem quae alienavit, post condemnationem revocantur.
The Same, Book. When anyone who has been convicted appeals, and dies while the appeal is pending, his property is not confiscated; for even a second will, if he should make one, will be valid. The same must be said even if the appeal is rejected. 1A defendant, except when accused of high treason, can administer his own property, pay his debts, and receive what is due to him, if it is paid in good faith; but every alienation which he has made for the purpose of defrauding the Treasury after his conviction can be set aside.