Arcadius Charisius, On Civil Employments. There are three kinds of civil employments, for some are called personal, others are styled patrimonial, and others are mixed. 1Personal employments are those which are carried on by the application of the mind, and the exertion of corporeal labor, without resulting in any detriment to the person who administers them; as, for instance, guardianship or curatorship. 2The keeping of accounts and the collection of money in any town is not considered an honorable employment but a personal one. 3The conducting of recruits, or horses, or any other animals necessary for the transportation or pursuit of public property, or of money belonging to the Treasury, or of provisions or clothing, is a personal employment. 4The supervision of posts and couriers is a personal employment. 5The care of purchasing grain and oil (as it is customary to appoint persons for duties of this kind, who are called purveyors of grain and oil), is, in some towns, included among personal employments, as well as the duty of heating the public baths, when the money provided by the official in charge is obtained from the revenues of any municipality. 6The preservation of aqueducts is included in personal employments. 7Irenarchs are officials who are appointed to maintain public discipline and the preservation of morals. Those who are selected for the construction of highways, when they can contribute nothing out of their own property for this purpose, along with those who are appointed to supervise the sale of bread and other provisions necessary to the daily sustenance of the people of towns, administer personal employments. 8Persons who have charge of either the collection or distribution of public provisions, and collectors of individual taxes administer personal employments. 9Officials who are usually chosen for the collection of the public revenues of towns exercise a personal employment. 10Those also who are the guardians of temples, or who have charge of the archives; writers of orations and book-keepers; those who furnish entertainment to strangers, as in certain cities; those who have superintendence of harbors; officials charged with the construction or repair of public buildings, whether palaces, or naval arsenals, or such as are destined for military quarters, who expend the public money in the erection of buildings, or for the construction or repair of ships, when this is necessary, administer personal employments. 11The driving of camels is also a personal employment, for a certain amount should be given to the camel-drivers for the support of themselves and their camels, and an account kept of the same, so that they will only be compelled to furnish manual labor. These should be called according to the order in which they are registered, and should not be released by any excuse, unless it is expressly shown that they are suffering from some corporeal injury, or weakness. 12Messengers who are despatched to the Emperor sometimes receive their necessary travelling expenses, but the officers of the night-watch and the superintendents of mills administer personal employments. 13The defenders also, whom the Greeks call syndics, and who are selected for the prosecution or defence of some case, exercise personal employment. 14The duty of rendering decisions is also classed among personal employments. 15When anyone is chosen to compel persons to construct pavements in front of the public highways, this employment is personal. 16In like manner, those who are appointed for the collection of taxes perform the functions relating to a personal employment. 17The officials who accompany the contestants in games, and the clerks of magistrates, also discharge the functions of personal employments. 18Patrimonial employments are those which are administered at the expense of the estate, and to the loss of the person who exercises them. 19Among the people of Alexandria, officials who purchase oil and vegetables are considered to exercise a patrimonial employment. 20Those who collect wine throughout the province of Africa administer a patrimonial employment. 21Again, patrimonial employments are of a twofold, nature, for some of them have reference to either possession or to patrimonies, for instance, those who furnish horses, or mules for the transporation of military supplies, or for the post. 22Therefore, persons who are neither citizens nor inhabitants of municipal towns are required to perform services of this description. 23It has been stated in a Rescript that those who lend money at interest, even if they are veterans, must pay taxes for the privilege of doing so. 24Neither veterans, nor soldiers, nor any other persons, no matter what privileges they may enjoy, and not even the pontiff himself, is exempt from employments of this kind. 25Moreover, some towns have the privilege of permitting those who own land within their territory to furnish each year a certain amount of corn, in proportion to the real property which they possess; which contribution is an employment attaching to possession. 26Mixed employments are those in which personal and patrimonial ones are combined, as Herennius Modestinus, with the best of reasons, stated in his notes and arguments; for collectors of taxes and grain, who also perform manual labor, exercise personal employments, and make good Treasury losses from the property of deceased persons; so that there is good reason for considering this employment as being mixed in its character. 27We have, however, stated above that those who exercise personal employments, according to the laws or customs of their city, are also obliged to pay the expenses out of their own property; or if those who collect provisions should sustain any loss on account of land which remains uncultivated, these employments will also be included under the denomination of mixed. 28All these employments, which we have divided into three classes, are included under a single signification; for personal, patrimonial, and mixed employments are designated as civil or public. 29Where, however, exemption from merely personal or civil employments is granted to anyone, they cannot be excused from those relating to provisions, posts, couriers, the furnishing of lodgings, the construction of ships, or the collection of personal taxes, with the exception of soldiers and veterans. 30The Divine Vespasian and the Divine Hadrian stated in a Rescript that exemption from furnishing lodgings was granted by the Emperor to teachers who were not liable to civil employment, as well as to grammarians, instructors in rhetoric, and philosophers.