Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1928)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Dig. XLVII22,
De collegiis et corporibus
Liber quadragesimus septimus
XXII.

De collegiis et corporibus

(Concerning Associations and Corporations.)

1Mar­cia­nus li­bro ter­tio in­sti­tu­tio­num. Man­da­tis prin­ci­pa­li­bus prae­ci­pi­tur prae­si­di­bus pro­vin­cia­rum, ne pa­tian­tur es­se col­le­gia so­da­li­cia ne­ve mi­li­tes col­le­gia in cas­tris ha­beant. sed per­mit­ti­tur te­nuio­ri­bus sti­pem mens­truam con­fer­re, dum ta­men se­mel in men­se co­eant, ne sub prae­tex­tu hu­ius­mo­di il­li­ci­tum col­le­gium co­eat. quod non tan­tum in ur­be, sed et in Ita­lia et in pro­vin­ciis lo­cum ha­be­re di­vus quo­que Se­ve­rus re­scrip­sit. 1Sed re­li­gio­nis cau­sa co­ire non pro­hi­ben­tur, dum ta­men per hoc non fiat con­tra se­na­tus con­sul­tum, quo il­li­ci­ta col­le­gia ar­cen­tur. 2Non li­cet au­tem am­plius quam unum col­le­gium li­ci­tum ha­be­re, ut est con­sti­tu­tum et a di­vis fra­tri­bus: et si quis in duo­bus fue­rit, re­scrip­tum est eli­ge­re eum opor­te­re, in quo ma­gis es­se ve­lit, ac­cep­tu­rum ex eo col­le­gio, a quo re­ce­dit, id quod ei com­pe­tit ex ra­tio­ne, quae com­mu­nis fuit.

1Marcianus, Institutes, Book III. By the Decrees of the Emperors, the Governors of provinces are directed to forbid the organization of corporate associations, and not even to permit soldiers to form them in camps. The more indigent soldiers, however, are allowed to put their pay every month into a common fund, provided they assemble only once during that time, for fear that under a pretext of this kind they may organize an unlawful society, which the Divine Severus stated in a Rescript should not be tolerated, not only at Rome, but also in Italy and in the provinces. 1To assemble for religious purposes is, however, not forbidden if, by doing so, no act is committed against the Decree of the Senate by which unlawful societies are prohibited. 2It is not legal to join more than one association authorized by law, as has been decided by the Divine Brothers. If anyone should become a member of two associations, it is provided by a rescript that he must select the one to which he prefers to belong, and he shall receive from the body from which he withdraws whatever he may be entitled to out of the property held in common.

2Ul­pia­nus li­bro sex­to de of­fi­cio pro­con­su­lis. Quis­quis il­li­ci­tum col­le­gium usur­pa­ve­rit, ea poe­na te­ne­tur, qua te­nen­tur, qui ho­mi­ni­bus ar­ma­tis lo­ca pu­bli­ca vel tem­pla oc­cu­pas­se iu­di­ca­ti sunt.

2Ulpianus, On the Duties of Proconsul, Book VII. Anyone who becomes a member of an unlawful association is liable to the same penalty to which those are subject who have been convicted of having seized public places or temples by means of armed men.

3Mar­cia­nus li­bro se­cun­do iu­di­cio­rum pu­bli­co­rum. Col­le­gia si qua fue­rint il­li­ci­ta, man­da­tis et con­sti­tu­tio­ni­bus et se­na­tus con­sul­tis dis­sol­vun­tur: sed per­mit­ti­tur eis, cum dis­sol­vun­tur, pe­cu­nias com­mu­nes si quas ha­bent di­vi­de­re pe­cu­niam­que in­ter se par­ti­ri. 1In sum­ma au­tem, ni­si ex se­na­tus con­sul­ti auc­to­ri­ta­te vel Cae­sa­ris col­le­gium vel quod­cum­que ta­le cor­pus co­ie­rit, con­tra se­na­tus con­sul­tum et man­da­ta et con­sti­tu­tio­nes col­le­gium ce­le­brat. 2Ser­vos quo­que li­cet in col­le­gio te­nuio­rum re­ci­pi vo­len­ti­bus do­mi­nis, ut cu­ra­to­res ho­rum cor­po­rum sciant, ne in­vi­to aut igno­ran­te do­mi­no in col­le­gium te­nuio­rum re­ci­pe­rent, et in fu­tu­rum poe­na te­nean­tur in sin­gu­los ho­mi­nes au­reo­rum cen­tum.

3Marcianus, Public Prosecutions, Book II. Ad Dig. 47,22,3 pr.Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. I, § 62, Note 2.If associations are illegal, they will be dissolved by the terms of Imperial Mandates and Constitutions, and Decrees of the Senate. When they are dissolved, the members are permitted to divide among themselves the money or property owned in common, if there is any of this kind. 1In a word, unless an association or any body of this description assembles with the authority of the Decree of the Senate, or of the Emperor, this assembly is contrary to the provisions of the Decree of the Senate and the Imperial Mandates and Constitutions. 2It is also lawful for slaves to be admitted into associations of indigent persons, with the consent of their masters; and those who have charge of such societies are hereby notified that they cannot receive a slave into an association of indigent persons without the knowledge or consent of his master, and if they do, that they will be liable to a penalty of a hundred aurei for every slave admitted.

4Gaius li­bro quar­to ad le­gem duo­de­cim ta­bu­la­rum. So­da­les sunt, qui eius­dem col­le­gii sunt: quam Grae­ci ἑταιρείαν vo­cant. his au­tem po­tes­ta­tem fa­cit lex pac­tio­nem quam ve­lint si­bi fer­re, dum ne quid ex pu­bli­ca le­ge cor­rum­pant. sed haec lex vi­de­tur ex le­ge So­lo­nis tra­la­ta es­se. nam il­luc ita est: ἐὰν δὲ δῆμος ἢ φράτορες ἢ ἱερῶν ὀργίων ἢ ναῦται ἢ σύσσιτοι ἢ ὁμόταφοι ἢ θιασῶται ἢ ἐπὶ λείαν οἰχόμενοι ἢ εἰς ἐμπορίαν, ὅτι ἂν τούτων διαθῶνται πρὸς ἀλλήλους, κύριον εἶναι, ἐὰν μὴ ἀπαγορεύσῃ δημόσια γράμματα.

4Gaius, On the Law of the Twelve Tables, Book IV. Members are those who belong to the same association which the Greeks call hetaireian. They are legally authorized to make whatever contracts they may desire with one another, provided they do nothing in violation of the public law. The enactment appears to have been taken from that of Solon, which is as follows: “If the people, or brothers, or those who are associated together for the purpose of sacrifice, or sailors, or those who are buried in the same tomb, or members of the same society who generally live together, should have entered, or do enter into any contract with one another, whatever they agree upon shall stand, if the public laws do not forbid it.”