Corpus iurisprudentiae Romanae

Repertorium zu den Quellen des römischen Rechts

Digesta Iustiniani Augusti

Recognovit Mommsen (1870) et retractavit Krüger (1928)
Convertit in Anglica lingua Scott (1932)
Dig. L8,
De administratione rerum ad civitates pertinentium
Liber quinquagesimus
VIII.

De administratione rerum ad civitates pertinentium

(Concerning the Administration of Property Belonging to Cities.)

1Ul­pia­nus li­bro de­ci­mo dis­pu­ta­tio­num. Quod ad cer­tam spe­ciem ci­vi­ta­tis re­lin­qui­tur, in alios usus con­ver­te­re non li­cet.

1Ulpianus, Disputations, Book X. Anything which has been left to a city for a special purpose cannot be converted to other uses.

2Idem li­bro ter­tio opi­nio­num. Non uti­que de ex­em­plo pos­te­rio­ris lo­ca­tio­nis prae­ter­ita­rum con­duc­tio­num, quae suam le­gem ha­bue­runt, ra­tio­nem in­iri opor­tet. 1Quod quis suo no­mi­ne ex­er­ce­re pro­hi­be­tur, id nec per sub­iec­tam per­so­nam age­re de­bet. et id­eo si de­cu­rio sub­iec­tis alio­rum no­mi­ni­bus prae­dia pu­bli­ca co­lat, quae de­cu­rio­ni­bus con­du­ce­re non li­cet, se­cun­dum le­gem usur­pa­ta re­vo­cen­tur. 2Quod de fru­men­ta­ria ra­tio­ne in alium usum con­ver­sum est, sua cau­sa cum in­cre­men­to de­bi­to re­sti­tua­tur: id­que et­si con­tra ab­sen­tem pro­nun­tia­tum est, in­anis est que­rel­la. ra­tio ta­men ad­mi­nis­tra­tio­nis se­cun­dum fi­dem ac­cep­to­rum et da­to­rum po­na­tur. 3Fru­men­ta­riae pe­cu­niae suo no­mi­ne de­bi­tor quam pri­mum sol­vat: ne­ces­sa­ria enim om­ni­bus re­bus pu­bli­cis fru­men­ta­ria pe­cu­nia mo­ram so­lu­tio­nis ac­ci­pe­re non de­bet: sed de­bi­to­res, quos ex ea­dem cau­sa ha­bet, ad so­lu­tio­nem per prae­si­dem pro­vin­ciae com­pel­lan­tur. 4Ad fru­men­ti com­pa­ra­tio­nem pe­cu­niam da­tam re­sti­tui ci­vi­ta­ti, non com­pen­sa­ri in ero­ga­ta de­bet. sin au­tem fru­men­ta­ria pe­cu­nia in alios usus, quam qui­bus de­sti­na­ta est, con­ver­sa fue­rit, vel­uti in opus bal­neo­rum pu­bli­co­rum, li­cet ex bo­na fi­de da­tum pro­ba­tur, com­pen­sa­ri qui­dem fru­men­ta­riae pe­cu­niae non opor­tet, sol­vi au­tem a cu­ra­to­re rei pu­bli­cae iu­be­tur. 5Si in­dem­ni­tas de­bi­ti fru­men­ta­riae pe­cu­niae cum suis usu­ris fit, im­mo­di­cae et il­li­ci­tae com­pu­ta­tio­nis mo­dus non ad­hi­be­tur: id est ne com­mo­do­rum com­mo­da et usu­rae usu­ra­rum in­cre­men­tum fa­ciant. 6Gra­ni aes­ti­ma­tio­nem per in­iu­riam post emp­tio­nem ab­la­ti, quae ra­tio­ni­bus pu­bli­cis re­fer­tur, cu­ra­tor rei pu­bli­cae do­mi­no re­sti­tui iu­beat. 7Si eo tem­po­re, quo no­mi­na­tus est, ido­neus, post­ea lap­sus fa­cul­ta­ti­bus dam­num de­bi­tis rei pu­bli­cae de­de­rit: quia for­tui­tos ca­sus nul­lum hu­ma­num con­si­lium pro­vi­de­re pot­est, crea­tor hoc no­mi­ne ni­hil prae­sta­re de­bet. 8Ius rei pu­bli­cae pac­to mu­ta­ri non pot­est, quo mi­nus ma­gis­tra­tus col­le­gae quo­que no­mi­ne con­ve­nian­tur in his spe­cie­bus, in qui­bus id fie­ri iu­re per­mis­sum est. 9Ac­tio au­tem, quae prop­ter ea in col­le­gam de­cer­ni so­let, ei qui pro al­te­ro de­pen­dit ex ae­qui­ta­te com­pe­tit. 10Quod de­pen­sum pro col­le­ga in ma­gis­tra­tu pro­ba­bi­tur, sol­vi et ab he­redi­bus eius prae­ses pro­vin­ciae iu­bet.

2The Same, Opinions, Book III. Conditions imposed in former leases cannot be considered to apply to subsequent ones. 1What anyone is forbidden to do in his own name he should not do through the agency of anyone else. Therefore, if a decurion rents public land (which decurions are not permitted to do), by substituting the names of others, his act shall be revoked, as being in violation of law. 2Where anyone converts money intended for the purchase of grain to some other use, he will be required to refund the amount with interest; and a judgment rendered against him will be valid, even if he is absent; but in this case it is presumed that he has given security to render an account of his administration. 3Anyone who owes a sum of money intended for the purchase of grain must pay it at once. For, in all matters relating to the public purchase of grain, which is necessary, the payment of the money does not admit of delay; and all persons who are indebted under such circumstances can be compelled to pay by the Governor of the province. 4Funds given for the purchase of grain must be returned to the city, and cannot be expended for other purposes. If, however, money destined for the purchase of grain is converted to some other use, as, for instance, to work upon the public baths, even though it may be proved that it has been expended in good faith, still, as it can only be disbursed for the purchase of grain, he who has charge of it shall be ordered to refund it to the city. 5If money intended for the purchase of grain should be refunded to the city with interest, an unreasonable and an unlawful rate of interest ought not to be exacted, that is to say, compound interest should not be paid. 6Where, after the purchase of grain, for which the price has been paid and entered upon the public registers, it is unjustly taken from the purchaser; the Governor of the province can order the amount to be refunded to him who purchased it. 7When a man who was solvent at the time when he was appointed to office afterwards becomes insolvent, any loss sustained must be borne by the State; for no human prudence can provide against accidents, and the person who appointed him should not be liable for anything on this account. 8The rights of a city cannot be changed by an agreement entered into by magistrates and their colleagues to prevent themselves from being sued by one another, with reference to matters in which this is permitted to be done by law. 9Ad Dig. 50,8,2,9Windscheid: Lehrbuch des Pandektenrechts, 7. Aufl. 1891, Bd. II, § 443, Note 16.The action, however, which can be brought against one of them for maladministration will, in accordance with equity, lie in favor of another who has become responsible for him. 10What is proved to have been expended in behalf of a colleague holding the office of magistrate, the Governor of a province shall order to be paid by the party in question, or his heirs.

3Idem ex eo­dem li­bro. Con­duc­to­re per­fi­cien­di ope­ris pu­ni­to fi­de­ius­sor, qui pro eo in­ter­ve­ne­rat, idem opus ex­struen­dum alii lo­ca­ve­rat: nec a se­cun­do red­emp­to­re ope­re per­fec­to usu­ra­rum prae­sta­tio­nem he­res fi­de­ius­so­ris re­cu­sa­re non de­bet, cum et prior cau­sa in bo­nae fi­dei con­trac­tu in uni­ver­sum fi­de­ius­so­rem ob­li­ga­ve­rit, et pos­te­rior lo­ca­tio, quia suum pe­ri­cu­lum agno­vit, so­li­dae prae­sta­tio­ni rei pu­bli­cae eum sub­sti­tue­rit. 1Qui fi­de­ius­se­rint pro con­duc­to­re vec­ti­ga­lis in uni­ver­sam con­duc­tio­nem, in usu­ras quo­que iu­re con­ve­niun­tur, ni­si pro­prie quid in per­so­na eo­rum ver­bis ob­li­ga­tio­nis ex­pres­sum est. 2Sed si in lo­ca­tio­ne fun­do­rum pro ste­ri­li­ta­te tem­po­ris bo­ni vi­ri ar­bi­tra­tu in sol­ven­da pen­sio­ne cu­ius­que an­ni pac­to com­pre­hen­sum est, ex­plo­ra­ta le­ge con­duc­tio­nis fi­des bo­na se­quen­da est.

3The Same, In The Same Book. Where anyone has been punished for fraud in the construction of some work, and the surety who was responsible for him contracted with another for the construction of the same work, and it still was not done, the heir of the surety cannot refuse the payment of interest; as, in the first place, the contract bound the surety in good faith for the entire amount, and under the subsequent contract, because he acknowledged his responsibility, he will be liable for the payment of any loss which may be sustained by the city. 1Persons who have become sureties for the entire amount for which a farmer of the revenue may become liable can legally be sued for the interest as well as the principal, unless something to the contrary with reference to them is set forth in the terms of the obligation. 2But where, in the leasing of lands, it was agreed that if on account of an unfavorable season, the rent need not be paid for any year during which, according to the judgment of a reliable citizen, this might be considered a proper excuse, good faith must be observed in complying with the condition of the lease.

4Pa­pi­nia­nus li­bro pri­mo re­spon­so­rum. Cu­ra­to­res com­mu­nis of­fi­cii di­vi­sa pe­cu­nia, quam om­ni­bus in so­li­dum pu­bli­ce da­ri pla­cuit, pe­ri­cu­lo vi­ce mu­tua non li­be­ran­tur. Ulpianus: prior ta­men ex­em­plo tu­to­rum con­ve­nien­dus est is qui ges­sit.

4Papinianus, Opinions, Book I. Where certain officials, who held office together, divided money among themselves which had been paid to them all in a single sum, it was decided that they could not be released from responsibility by paying the amount which each had respectively received. Ulpianus, however, who transacted the business, should be first sued, as in the case of guardians.

5Idem ex eo­dem li­bro. Prae­dium pu­bli­cum in quin­que an­nos ido­nea cau­tio­ne non ex­ac­ta cu­ra­tor rei pu­bli­cae lo­ca­vit. ce­te­ris an­nis co­lo­nus si re­li­qua tra­xe­rit et de fruc­ti­bus prae­dii mer­ce­des­que ser­va­ri non po­tue­rint, suc­ces­sor qui lo­ca­vit te­ne­bi­tur. idem in vec­ti­ga­li­bus non ita pri­dem con­sti­tu­tum est, sci­li­cet ut sui tem­po­ris sin­gu­li pe­ri­cu­lum prae­sta­rent. 1In eum, qui ad­mi­nis­tra­tio­nis tem­po­re cre­di­to­ri­bus rei pu­bli­cae no­va­tio­ne fac­ta pe­cu­niam ca­vit, post de­po­si­tum of­fi­cium ac­tio­nem de­ne­ga­ri non opor­tet. di­ver­sa cau­sa est eius, qui sol­vi con­sti­tuit: si­mi­lis et­enim vi­de­tur ei, qui pu­bli­ce ven­di­dit aut lo­ca­vit. 2Fi­lium pro pa­tre cu­ra­to­re rei pu­bli­cae crea­to ca­ve­re co­gi non opor­tet. nec mu­tat, quod in eum pa­ter em­an­ci­pa­tum, prius­quam cu­ra­tor con­sti­tue­re­tur, par­tem bo­no­rum suo­rum do­na­tio­nis cau­sa con­tu­lit. 3Pro ma­gis­tra­tu fi­de­ius­sor in­ter­ro­ga­tus pi­g­no­ra quo­que spe­cia­li­ter de­dit. in eum ca­sum pi­g­no­ra vi­den­tur da­ta, quo rec­te con­ve­ni­tur: vi­de­li­cet post­quam res ab eo ser­va­ri non po­tue­rit, pro quo in­ter­ces­sit.

5The Same, In The Same Book. The magistrate of a city leased public land for five years without requiring good security. The tenant, having remained a longer time than the five years, left a balance due to the Treasury, and as the proceeds of the crops of the land could not be obtained, the successor of the person who leased the land was held responsible. The same rule was long since decided not to apply to taxes, as those who farm them are only liable during their term of office. 1An action should not be refused against anyone after his retirement from office who, during his term, became responsible through novation to the creditors of the State. The case of one who agreed to pay is, however, different, for he is considered to resemble a person who either publicly sold or leased property. 2A son cannot be required to be responsible for his father, who has been created a magistrate, even if his father emancipated him before he was appointed to office, or where he has transferred to him a portion of his property as a donation. 3When a surety who appeared for a magistrate has also given pledges, the pledges are considered to have been furnished in order that suit may properly be brought; that is to say, after nothing can be recovered from him for whom he became liable.

6Va­lens li­bro se­cun­do fi­dei­com­mis­so­rum. Le­ga­tam mu­ni­ci­pio pe­cu­niam in aliam rem quam de­func­tus vo­luit con­ver­te­re ci­tra prin­ci­pis auc­to­ri­ta­tem non li­cet. et id­eo si unum opus fie­ri ius­se­rit, quod Fal­ci­diae le­gis in­ter­ven­tu fie­ri non pot­est, per­mit­ti­tur sum­mam, quae eo no­mi­ne de­be­tur, in id, quod ma­xi­me ne­ces­sa­rium rei pu­bli­cae vi­dea­tur, con­ver­te­re: si­ve plu­res sum­mae in plu­ra ope­ra le­gan­tur et le­gis Fal­ci­diae in­ter­ven­tu id quod re­lin­qui­tur om­nium ope­rum ex­struc­tio­ni non suf­fi­cit, per­mit­ti­tur in unum opus, quod ci­vi­tas ve­lit, ero­ga­ri. sed mu­ni­ci­pio pe­cu­niam le­ga­tam, ut ex red­itu eius ve­na­tio aut spec­ta­cu­la edan­tur, se­na­tus in eas cau­sas ero­ga­re ve­tuit: et pe­cu­niam eo le­ga­tam in id, quod ma­xi­me ne­ces­sa­rium mu­ni­ci­pi­bus vi­dea­tur, con­fer­re per­mit­ti­tur, ut in eo mu­ni­fi­cen­tia eius qui le­ga­vit in­scrip­tio­ne no­te­tur.

6Valens, Trusts, Book II. Where a bequest has been left to a town, it cannot be converted to any other use than that intended by the deceased, without the authority of the Emperor; and therefore, if the deceased directed a work to be constructed with it, which cannot be done after the reservation of the fourth authorized by the Falcidian Law, it is permitted for the sum of money to be employed for whatever may appear most necessary for the benefit of the town. The rule is the same where several sums of money are bequeathed for the construction of several works, and, after the deduction under the Falcidian Law, the remainder is not sufficient for the construction of them all, for the money is allowed to be expended for any single work which the State may wish to have constructed. Where, however, money was bequeathed in order that its income may be used for hunting, or for exhibitions, the Senate forbade it to be used for such purposes, and permitted the legacy to be expended upon what was most needed by the city, and to recognize the munificence of the person who made the bequest, authorized that the fact should be commemorated by an inscription.

7Pau­lus li­bro pri­mo sen­ten­tia­rum. De­cu­rio­nes pre­tio vi­lio­ri fru­men­tum, quod an­no­na tem­po­ra­lis est pa­triae suae, prae­sta­re non sunt co­gen­di. 1Ni­si ad opus no­vum pe­cu­nia spe­cia­li­ter le­ga­ta sit, ve­te­ra ex hac re­fi­cien­da sunt.

7Paulus, Sentences, Book I. Decurions are not compelled to furnish grain to their city at a lower price than that which it is sold at the time, 1Unless the money was expressly bequeathed for the construction of a new work, or the repair of an old one.

8Ul­pia­nus li­bro pri­mo ad edic­tum prae­to­ris. Ma­gis­tra­tus rei pu­bli­cae non do­lum so­lum­mo­do, sed et la­tam neg­le­gen­tiam et hoc am­plius et­iam di­li­gen­tiam de­bent.

8Ulpianus, On the Edict of the Prætor, Book I. The magistrates of a city are not only liable for fraud, but also for gross negligence; and this is especially the case where diligence is required.

9Pau­lus li­bro pri­mo ad edic­tum prae­to­ris. Si fi­lius fa­mi­lias vo­len­te pa­tre ma­gis­tra­tum ges­se­rit, Iu­lia­nus ex­is­ti­ma­vit in so­li­dum pa­trem te­ne­ri in id, quod eius no­mi­ne rei pu­bli­cae ab­es­set.

9Paulus, On the Edict of the Prætor, Book I. When a son under paternal control administers the office of magistrate, with the consent of his father, Julianus held that the latter would be liable in full for whatever was lost by the city under his son’s administration.

10Mo­des­ti­nus li­bro oc­ta­vo re­gu­la­rum. Cal­cu­li er­ro­ris re­trac­ta­tio et­iam post dec­en­nii aut vic­en­nii tem­po­ra ad­mit­te­tur. 1Sed si gra­tio­se ex­punc­tae di­cen­tur, non re­trac­ta­bun­tur.

10Modestinus, Rules, Book VIII. The correction of an error in calculation can be made even after ten or twenty years. 1When, however, accounts are proved to have been examined and accepted, mistakes in them cannot be corrected.

11Pa­pi­rius Ius­tus li­bro se­cun­do de con­sti­tu­tio­ni­bus. Im­pe­ra­to­res An­to­ni­nus et Ve­rus re­scrip­se­runt pe­cu­niae, quae apud cu­ra­to­res re­man­sit, usu­ras ex­igen­das: eius ve­ro, quae a red­emp­to­ri­bus ope­rum ex­igi non pot­est, sor­tis dum­ta­xat pe­ri­cu­lum ad cu­ra­to­res per­ti­ne­re. 1Item re­scrip­se­runt ope­rum pe­ri­cu­lum et­iam ad he­redes cu­ra­to­rum per­ti­ne­re. 2Item re­scrip­se­runt agros rei pu­bli­cae re­tra­he­re cu­ra­to­rem ci­vi­ta­tis de­be­re, li­cet a bo­na fi­de emp­to­ri­bus pos­si­dean­tur, cum pos­sint ad auc­to­res suos re­cur­re­re.

11Papirius Justus, On the Constitutions, Book II. The Emperors Antoninus and Verus stated in a Rescript that interest should be collected on money remaining in the hands of public officials; but that it could not be collected from contractors of public works, and that when the latter were not solvent, officials would only be liable for the principal. 1They also stated in a Rescript that even the heirs of public officials were responsible for any loss sustained with reference to public works. 2They also stated in a Rescript that it was the duty of the magistrate of a city to recover lands belonging to it, even though they were in the possession of bona fide purchasers; above all, when the latter could have recourse to the persons from whom they had obtained them.

12Idem eo­dem li­bro. Im­pe­ra­to­res An­to­ni­nus et Ve­rus re­scrip­se­runt ope­rum ex­ac­tio­nem si­ne cau­tio­ne non opor­te­re com­mit­ti. 1Item re­scrip­se­runt cu­ra­to­res, si neg­le­gen­ter in dis­tra­hen­dis bo­nis se ges­se­rint, in sim­plum te­ne­ri, si per frau­dem, in du­plum: nec ad he­redes eo­rum poe­nam de­scen­de­re. 2Item re­scrip­se­runt pe­cu­niam ad an­no­nam de­sti­na­tam dis­trac­tis re­bus cu­ra­to­rem ex­ige­re de­be­re. 3Item re­scrip­se­runt si­to­nas in­dem­nes es­se opor­te­re, qui non seg­ni­ter of­fi­cio suo func­ti sunt, se­cun­dum lit­te­ras Ha­d­ria­ni. 4Item re­scrip­se­runt a cu­ra­to­re ka­len­da­rii cau­tio­nem ex­igi non de­be­re, cum a prae­si­de ex in­qui­si­tio­ne eli­ga­tur. 5Item re­scrip­se­runt cu­ra­to­rem et­iam no­mi­ne col­le­gae te­ne­ri, si in­ter­ve­ni­re et pro­hi­be­re eum po­tuit. 6Item re­scrip­se­runt no­mi­num, quae de­te­rio­ra fac­ta sunt tem­po­re cu­ra­to­ris, pe­ri­cu­lum ad ip­sum per­ti­ne­re: quia ve­ro an­te­quam cu­ra­tor fie­ret, ido­nea non erant, ae­quum vi­de­ri pe­ri­cu­lum ad eum non per­ti­ne­re.

12The Same, In The Same Book. The Emperors Antoninus and Verus stated in a Rescript that contracts for the construction of public works should not be made without security being furnished. 1They also stated in a Rescript that if public officials were negligent in the sale of property, they would be liable for simple damages, but if they had been guilty of fraud, they would be liable for double damages; and that no penalty would pass to their heirs. 2They also stated in a Rescript that a magistrate, after property had been sold, should collect money intended for the purchase of provisions for the people. 3They also stated in a Rescript that officers charged with the purchase of grain would, according to an Epistle of Hadrian, be exempt from liability where they had properly discharged the duties of their office. 4They also stated in a Rescript that security should not be required of the official having charge of the accounts of a municipality, as he had been selected by the Governor after investigation. 5They also stated in. a Rescript that a magistrate will be liable on account of his colleague, if he could have prevented him from acts of maladministration and did not do so. 6They also stated in a Rescript that a magistrate would be liable when the indebtedness of his city was increased during the time of his administration. But if, before he obtained his office, the city was not able to pay its debts, it seems to be just that no responsibility should attach to him.

13Idem li­bro eo­dem. Im­pe­ra­to­res An­to­ni­nus et Ve­rus re­scrip­se­runt eum, qui pe­cu­niam pu­bli­cam ma­gis­tra­tus sui tem­po­re et post non pau­co tem­po­re de­ti­nue­rat, usu­ras et­iam prae­sta­re de­be­re, ni­si si quid ad­le­ga­re pos­sit, qua ex cau­sa tar­dius in­tu­lis­set.

13The Same, In The Same Book. The Emperors Antoninus and Verus stated in a Rescript that a magistrate who, during his term of office, and for a long time afterwards, had retained any of the public money in his possession, would be obliged to refund it with the interest, unless he could allege some good reason for not doing so.